Data from: High-accuracy fatigue life prediction and early fracture warning for ferromagnetic metals via spin correlation amplification
Data files
Apr 08, 2026 version files 22.41 GB
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193_specimens_fatigue_test_raw_data.zip
21.75 GB
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Figure._2c_Soft_Magnetic_Iron_cyclic_loading_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
344.23 MB
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Figure._2d_MagDrift_and_displacement_amplitude_under_cyclic_loading_of_soft_magnet_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
775.47 KB
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Figure._2e_CRMS_and_strain_of_five_ferromagnetic_metals_under_static_load.xlsx
40.30 MB
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Figure._3_Offset_MagDrift_and_normalization_curve_of_ferromagnetic_materials.zip
150.66 MB
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Figure._4_Analysis_chart_of_experimental_results.zip
46.51 KB
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README.md
13.63 KB
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Supplementary_Figure._1_Incomplete_statistics_on_recorded_major_fatigue_accidents_and_deaths_of_large_structures_from_1900_to_2024.xlsx
10.59 KB
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Supplementary_Figure._10_MagDrift_and_displacement_amplitude_under_cyclic_loading_of_soft_magnetic_iron_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
775.29 KB
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Supplementary_Figure._10_Magnetic_strength_and_displacement_of_soft_magnetic_iron_under_cyclic_loading_at_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
124.34 MB
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Supplementary_Figure._9_Test_set_error_analysis.xlsx
21.53 KB
Abstract
Sudden fatigue failure of metallic structures triggers thousands of safety accidents annually, causing tens of thousands of casualties and economic losses approaching $100 billion. Traditional detection techniques face challenges in capturing early fatigue damage features like subnanometer atomic displacements and localized metal bond ruptures. Based on the synchronized weakening mechanism between binding forces and exchange interactions during fatigue processes in ferromagnetic metals, this study obtained high-sensitivity fatigue observations by exciting the quantum spin correlation amplification effect via an external magnetic field. We conducted fatigue tests on 193 ferromagnetic metal samples over 3,700 cumulative hours, establishing a mapping relationship between fatigue-induced magnetic flux changes and the degree of binding force weakening. This work integrated macroscopic fatigue life prediction with ferromagnetic material microstructural parameters, achieving a prediction accuracy with R2>0.9 and providing a reliable prefracture warning, potentially mitigating fatigue fractures in large-scale engineering structures and reducing the associated economic losses.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1rn8pk13t
This supplementary dataset is an indispensable part of the paper. In this dataset, we utilized Hall sensors (EQ-730L), displacement sensors, and force sensors to collect signals through the DH5922N dynamic signal testing and analysis system, with a collection frequency of 128Hz. The dataset comprehensively records the changes in force, displacement, and magnetic flux density throughout the entire fatigue testing process for five types of ferromagnetic materials. Moreover, we processed the collected data to obtain values such as MagDrift, Offset MagDrift, CRMS, and kav. This includes the data from the charts in the main text, the chart data in the supplementary information, and the magnetic signal data from the fatigue experiments of 193 specimens.
Description of the data and file structure
Date of Data Collection
2023-2025
Data Formats
- Excel Files:
- .xlsx/.xls: Utilized for organizing and presenting data summaries and raw data.
Files and variables
File: Figure._2c_Soft_Magnetic_Iron_cyclic_loading_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
Description: These are the cyclic loading data of soft magnetic materials at a maximum stress of 395 MPa and a stress ratio R = 0. This file contains Sheet 1 to Sheet 5, which store continuous sequential test data.Due to the excessive length of the original time‑series dataset, the complete test record is divided into multiple sheets for readability and file stability. Data in each sheet is a continuation of the data in the preceding sheet.
- Number of cycles: The number of times loading is applied under a fixed load amplitude.
- Force: Real-time application of tensile force during the cyclic loading process, unit: kN.
- Stress: Refers to the internal force acting on a unit area of the material.
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during cyclic loading, unit: mm.
- Strain: Refers to the ratio of the deformation that occurs in a material to its original dimensions after it is subjected to force.
- Magnetic strength: Magnetic variation on the specimen surface measured by Hall sensors during cyclic loading, unit: mT.
- CRMS: The change rate of magnetic strength relative to the initial value ((Current value − Initial value) / Initial value).
Figure._2d_MagDrift_and_displacement_amplitude_under_cyclic_loading_of_soft_magnet_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
Description: These are the cyclic loading data of soft magnetic materials under a maximum stress of 395 MPA.
- Number of cycles: The number of times loading is applied under a fixed load amplitude.
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during cyclic loading, unit: mm.
- MagDrift: The minimum value minus the maximum value of magnetic strength data within 1 second, unit: mT.
Figure._2e_CRMS_and_strain_of_five_ferromagnetic_metals_under_static_load.xlsx
Description: Static load data of 5 ferromagnetic metal materials (Soft Magnetic Iron, Q235 Steel, 45 Steel, Bridge Stay Cable Steel, Pure Nickel).
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during loading, unit: mm.
- Stress: Refers to the internal force acting on a unit area of the material.
- Strain: Refers to the ratio of the deformation that occurs in a material to its original dimensions after it is subjected to force.
- Magnetic Strength: Magnetic variation on the specimen surface measured by Hall sensors during loading, unit: mT.
- CRMS: The change rate of magnetic strength relative to the initial value ((Current value − Initial value) / Initial value).
Figure._3_Offset_MagDrift_and_normalization_curve_of_ferromagnetic_materials.zip
Description: These cyclic loading data include the magnetic drift (MagDrift) data of five ferromagnetic metal materials: Soft Magnetic Iron, Q235 Steel, 45 Steel, Bridge Stay Cable Steel, and Pure Nickel. Cycle normalization and MagDrift data offset adjustment have been implemented.
Within the files in these compressed packages, the same columns correspond to the same type of data with consistent variable label names. Therefore, the labels (variable names) are summarized collectively rather than listed separately for each file.
- σmax: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading,unit: MPa.
- Nf: Number of loading cycles until material fracture.
- Number of cycles: The number of times loading is applied under a fixed load amplitude.
- Normalized N: Normalized the number of cycles.
- MagDrift: The minimum value minus the maximum value of magnetic strength data within 1 second, unit: mT.
- Offset MagDrift: The overall MagDrift data is shifted by adding or subtracting a fixed value, unit: mT.
File: Figure._4_Analysis_chart_of_experimental_results.zip
Figure. 4a_LogM-N_and_LogS-N_curves_of_five_ferromagnetic_iron_alloys.xlsx
Description: Data for the LogS-N and LogM-N curves of five ferromagnetic iron alloys: Soft Magnetic Iron, Q235 Steel, 45 Steel, Bridge Stay Cable Steel, and Pure Nickel.
- Cycles of Failure: Number of loading cycles until material fracture.
- Maximum Stress: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading (σmax), unit: MPa.
- Log(σmax): Take the logarithm of maximum stress.
- kav: Average rate of change in MagDrift.
- Log(kav): Take the logarithm of kav.
Figure. 4c_Soft_Magnetic_Iron_specimens_M-N_and_S-N_curves.xlsx
Description: Data for the LogS‑N and LogM‑N curves of Soft Magnetic Iron specimens.
- Cycles of Failure: Number of loading cycles until material fracture (Nf).
- Maximum Stress: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading (σmax), unit: MPa.
- Log(σmax): Take the logarithm of maximum stress.
- kav: Average rate of change in MagDrift.
- Log(kav): Take the logarithm of kav.
Figure. 4d_Correlation_between_Ne_and_Nf_of_Soft_Magnetic_Iron.xlsx
Description: Data on the correlation between maximum stress and cycles to failure for Soft Magnetic Iron specimens, as well as the predicted cycles to failure calculated under different dataset sizes.
- 5% of Fatigue Loading Cycles: Use data from 5% of the total cycle loading times for life prediction.
- Cycles of Failure: Number of loading cycles until material fracture (Nf).
- Maximum Stress: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading (σmax), unit: MPa.
- Correlation coefficient of σmax and Nf: The correlation between σmax and Nf data is calculated to obtain the correlation coefficient.
- kav: Average rate of change in MagDrift.
- Log(kav): Take the logarithm of kav.
- Ne: The estimated lifespan. Use the prediction formula Eq.(1) in the article for calculation.
- Correlation coefficient of Ne and Nf: The correlation between Ne and Nf data is calculated to obtain the correlation coefficient.
Figure. 4e_Early_warning_effectiveness_based_on_MagDrift.xlsx
Description: Warning algorithms and the number of warnings before cyclic loading failure.
- Cycles of Failure: Number of loading cycles until material fracture (Nf).
- Maximum Stress: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading (σmax), unit: MPa.
- Alarm: The number of cycles when starting the alarm.
- NR: The difference between the number of failures and the number of cycles at the onset of alarm.
- NR/Nf: The ratio of the number of effective alarms to the number of cyclic loading fracture failures.
Supplementary_Figure._1_Incomplete_statistics_on_recorded_major_fatigue_accidents_and_deaths_of_large_structures_from_1900_to_2024.xlsx
Description: This dataset only contains aggregated statistical data on major fatigue accidents and related fatalities of large structures from 1900 to 2024, classified by year and industry. No direct identifiers are included. No indirect identifiers are included. All identifying information has been removed. The data contain only summary statistics and pose no risk of re-identification of individuals. And the maintenance cost of fatigue accidents in 2023.
- Year Ranges: Starting from 1900, every interval is 5 years until 2024.
- Number of fatigue accidents (Every Five Years): The number of fatigue-induced accidents in the aviation, bridge engineering, construction, lift, industrial, railway, and shipping industries every five years.
- Death Toll: The death toll caused by fatigue accidents in the aviation, bridge, construction, lift, industrial, railway, and shipping sectors every five years.
- Industry Category: Classification of statistical fatigue accidents by industry sector.
- Annual average maintenance costs by industry in 2023 resulting from fatigue accidents.
Supplementary_Figure._9_Test_set_error_analysis.xlsx
Description: Calculation of the correlation between maximum stress and cycles to failure, as well as between the estimated and actual cycles to failure. The predictive error was also assessed, including the mean relative error and the standard deviation of error.
- 5% of Fatigue Loading Cycles: Use data from 5% of the total cycle loading times for life prediction.
- Cycles of Failure: Number of loading cycles until material fracture (Nf).
- Maximum Stress: Maximum stress applied during cyclic loading (σmax), unit: MPa.
- Correlation coefficient of σmax and Nf: The correlation between σmax and Nf data is calculated to obtain the correlation coefficient.
- kav: Average rate of change in MagDrift.
- Log(kav): Take the logarithm of kav.
- Ne: The estimated lifespan. Use the prediction formula Eq.(1) in the article for calculation.
- % of Relative Error: Relative error between predicted fatigue life and actual fatigue life based on data corresponding to* *% of the total fatigue life.
- Correlation coefficient of Ne and Nf: The correlation between Ne and Nf data is calculated to obtain the correlation coefficient.
Supplementary_Figure._10_MagDrift_and_displacement_amplitude_under_cyclic_loading_of_soft_magnetic_iron_under_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
Description: These are the cyclic loading data of soft magnetic materials under a maximum stress of 395 MPa.
- MagDrift: The minimum value minus the maximum value of magnetic strength data within 1 second, unit: mT.
- Number of cycles: The number of times loading is applied under a fixed load amplitude.
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during loading, unit: mm.
Supplementary_Figure._10_Magnetic_strength_and_displacement_of_soft_magnetic_iron_under_cyclic_loading_at_maximum_stress_of_395MPa.xlsx
Description: These are the cyclic loading data of soft magnetic materials under a maximum stress of 395 MPA. This file contains Sheet 1 to Sheet 5, which store continuous sequential test data. Due to the excessive length of the original time‑series dataset, the complete test record is divided into multiple sheets for readability and file stability. Data in each sheet is a continuation of the data in the preceding sheet. All sheets follow an identical column structure:
- Column 1: Number of cycles
- Column 2: Displacement
- Column 3: Magnetic Strength
- Number of cycles: The number of times loading is applied under a fixed load amplitude.
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during loading, unit: mm.
- Magnetic Strength: Magnetic variation on the specimen surface measured by Hall sensors during loading, unit: mT.
File:193_specimens_fatigue_test_raw_data.zip
Description: Fatigue tests were conducted on 193 specimens, encompassing five ferromagnetic materials under various loading stresses. The dataset includes loading time, applied force, displacement, and magnetic field strength data. Nested tables are included in the files contained in this compressed package. Each Excel file contains multiple supplementary sheets; only the first sheet (Sheet1) has clear column labels, and the other supplementary sheets do not have column labels. However, the column meaning of all supplementary sheets in these Excel files is unified:
- Column 1: Time
- Column 2: Force
- Column 3: Displacement
- Column 4: Magnetic strength
- Time: Fatigue loading time, unit: s.
- Force: Real-time application of tensile force during the cyclic loading process, unit: kN.
- Displacement: The elongation of the material caused by the tension applied during loading, unit: mm.
- Magnetic Strength: Magnetic variation on the specimen surface measured by Hall sensors during loading, unit: mT.
- In each appendix among these 193 files, the first column of data is Time, the second column is Force, the third column is Displacement, and the fourth column is Magnetic Strength.
Code/software
All files in this repository are in .xlsx format and can be opened using Microsoft Excel.
Human subjects data
This dataset contains only aggregated statistical data on fatigue accidents and fatalities. No individual human subjects, personal identifiers, or private information are included. All direct and indirect identifiers have been removed. Since no individual human subjects are involved, explicit informed consent from participants is not applicable.