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Taxonomic utility of isolated ankylosaurian dinosaur teeth using traditional and geometric morphometrics with implications for ankylosaur palaeoecology

Cross, Emily12; Fraass, Andrew134; Arbour, Victoria15

Published Jun 02, 2025; Updated Jul 22, 2025 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2547d7x3j

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Abstract

The presence of a basal cingulum, fluting, and overall size have been used to differentiate nodosaurid and ankylosaurid teeth for decades. The taxonomic utility of tooth morphology in ankylosaurs, however, has not been quantitatively tested. Additionally, new phylogenetic hypotheses recognize four ankylosaur families (Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae, Struthiosauridae, and Ankylosauridae), rather than the traditional nodosaurid-ankylosaurid dichotomy. Understanding ankylosaur tooth variation could better help identify taxa with ambiguous phylogenetic affinities or allow isolated teeth to test palaeoecological questions like a potential extirpation of mid Cretaceous ankylosaurids from Laramidia. We analyzed a large sample of ankylosaur teeth using traditional and geometric morphometrics and investigated the utility of size and the presence of a cingulum and fluting for differentiating ankylosaur teeth. Morphometric analyses show that ‘nodosaurids’ had the greatest variation in tooth shape and size. Panoplosauridae and Struthiosauridae accounts for a large amount of ‘nodosaurid’ variation, whereas basal ankylosaurs, Polacanthidae, and Ankylosauridae share a similar restricted morphospace. Teeth with a crown base length or height over 10 mm are only found in panoplosaurids, struthiosaurids, and Peloroplites, but smaller sizes are found in all clades. A basal cingulum and fluting are associated with Ankylosauridae and Panoplosauridae. Linear discriminant analyses could only accurately identify between 50-75% of the teeth in our sample, thus they should be used in conjunction with size and discrete traits when identifying isolated teeth. With these findings, caution should be used when attempting to use isolated ankylosaur teeth in broader palaeoecological questions and reclassification of museum collections should be undertaken.