https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79rj

This dataset and associated R script and images are associated with the peer-reviewed publication "Trait-fitness associations via fecundity and competition in a two-million-year-long fossil record" at The American Naturalist.

Description of the data and file structure

All the bryozoan data, including the metadata data associated with the image files, are supplied in the excel file Microporella_SELECT_final_datasets_30.06.2023.xlsx. The sheets and column names are described below.

The paleo delta O18 values used are from Lisiecki and Raymo 2005, and supplied in O18.txt. The column names are described below.

The recent O18 values span 1988-2016 for the southern hemisphere latitude encompassing New Zealand (25-90°S) from NASA data repository (https://data.giss.nasa.gov/) and are supplied in data.giss.nasa.gov.txt.The column names are described below.

The images are deposited at https://zenodo.org/records/10795305 (embargoed until April 2026)

Detailed data description

Detailed description of data Microporella_SELECT_final_datasets_30.06.2023.xlsx from Trait-fitness associations via fecundity and competition in a two-million-year-long fossil record, sheet by sheet:

Sheet name: SEMs_Metadata

Column name: Image_ID:unique ID for image with initials of person who imagined the colony and a number.        

Column name: Date : Date imaged (in day.month.year format)

Column name: Formation_name: Name of the formation or population (can be matched to other spreadsheets)

Column name: Age: Verbal tag for the age of the formation or population

Column name:SAMPLE_ID: unique sample ID from the WABO expeditions headed by Liow L. H. and/or Voje K. L. from 2014 to 2020.

Column name:Shell_ID: shell ids (numbered uniquely within each SAMPLE_ID)

Column name: Colony_ID: colony ids (numbers with each shell_ID) such that SAMPLE_ID, Shell_ID and Colony_ID can be combined as a unique tag for a colony.

Column name:Genus: Genus name of the colony in that row

Column name:Species: species name of the colony in that row

 Sheet name: Formation_Age in Ma_L&R2005

Column name:ID: corresponding to the tags in figures in the main text of the ms these data are associated with.

Column name:Formation_name: Name of the formation or population (can be matched to other spreadsheets)

Column name: Isotope_Stage_Start: Start of Oxygen Isotope stages for that formation from Naish et al. (2005), Pillans et al. (2005) and Rust (2008).

Column name: Isotope_Stage_End: End of Oxygen Isotope stages (OIS) for that formation from Naish et al. (2005), Pillans et al. (2005) and Rust (2008).

Column name:Start_age: Age in Millions of years of start of the OIS from Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20:PA1003.

Column name: End_age: Age in Millions of years of end of the OIS from Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20:PA1003.

Sheet name: Interactions_Microporella_only

Overgrowth interaction data where at least one partner (colony) is identified as a Microporella sp.

Column name: Formation_name: Name of the formation or population (can be matched to other spreadsheets)                 

Column name:Interaction_section_ID: unique identifier of the overgrowth interaction between two colonies in all samples/shells studied

Column name:Date: date the overgrowth interaction was scored            

Column name:Person: initials of person who determined the overgrowth interaction (EDM = Emanuela Di Martino; MR = Mali Ramsfjell)                 

Column name:Shell_ID: shell ids (numbered uniquely within each SAMPLE_ID)

Column name:Area (cm2): area of shell if measured (area enclosed in the perimeter drawn using ImageJ)

Column name: INT_or_EXT: internal surface or external surface of shell if noted

Column name: SAMPLE_ID: unique sample ID from the WABO expeditions headed by Liow L. H. and Voje K. L. from 2014 to 2020.

Column name: Local_no: identifier of the overgrowth interaction between two colonies on one surface (INT or EXT) of the shell

Column name: Colony_1_no: uniquely numbered colony on a given shell that is desginated “1” in order to score the overgrowth interaction       

Column name: Colony_1_Order: Can take the states Cheilostomata or Cyclostomata (Orders of Bryozoa) for colony designated “1” in the overgrowth interaction

Column name: Colony_1_Genus : genus name of the colony designated “1” in the overgrowth interaction

Column name: Colony_1_Species: species name of the colony designated “1” in the overgrowth interaction         

Column name: Colony_2_no: uniquely numbered colony on a given shell that is desginated “2” in order to score the overgrowth interaction       

Column name: Colony_2_Order: Can take the states Cheilostomata or Cyclostomata (Orders of Bryozoa) for colony designated “2” in the overgrowth interaction   

Column name: Colony_2_Genus: genus name of the colony designated “2” in the overgrowth interaction

Column name: Colony_2_Species: species name of the colony designated “2” in the overgrowth interaction                            

Column name: Col1_2_int: overgrowth interaction of colony 1 with respect to colony 2. W = 1 wins 2 (1 overgrows 2); L = 1 loses to 2 (1 is overgrown by 2); SO = stand off; F = fouling; R = reciprocal overgrowth 

Column name: Zooid_col1_size: autozooid size of colony 1 with respect to colony 2. L = colony 1 autozooid size is detactably larger than those of colony 2; S = colony 1 autozooid size is detactably smaller than those of colony 2:   equal= autozooid sizes are not detactably different:  NA =not applicable

Column name: Certainty: how certain the observer is of the type of overgrowth interaction they scored. C= certain; U = uncertain           

Column name:Direction: how colony 1 is approaching colony 2. Frontal = colony 1 and 2 are both approaching with their distal (growing) edges: Rear = The growing edge of Colony 1 approaches the non-growing edge of Colony 2; Flank = Colony 1 is approaching colony 2 from the side, rather than in the direction of growth.      

Column name: Multilaminar_Col1: states if Colony 1 has multilaminar growth (can be Y = yes or N = no)  

Column name: Multilaminar_Col2: states if Colony 2 has multilaminar growth (can be Y = yes or N = no)  

 Missing data code: NA

Sheet name: Counts

All data (from the column Ascopore onwards) are from DEEPBRYO (see Di Martino, E., B. Berning, D. P. Gordon, P. Kuklinski, L. H. Liow, M. H. Ramsfjell, H. L. Ribeiro, et al. 2023. DeepBryo: A web app for AI-assisted morphometric characterization of cheilostome bryozoans. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 21:542–551)

Column name: Image_ID: unique ID for image with initials of person who imagined the colony and a number. (EDM = Emanuela Di Martino; MHR = Mali Hamre Ramsfjell)

Column name: Ascopores: Total counts of ascopores on that image

Column name: Zooids_total: Total counts of zooids on that image

Column name: Avicularia: Total counts of avicularia on that image

Column name: Orifices: Total counts of orifices on that image

Column name: Ovicells: Total counts of ovicells on that image

Column name:Colony_Area: total area occupied by the colony fragment on that image in mm2

Column name: Ovicells_Area: total area occupied by the ovicells on that image in mm2

Sheet name: Measurements

All data (from the column Category onwards) are from DEEPBRYO (see Di Martino, E., B. Berning, D. P. Gordon, P. Kuklinski, L. H. Liow, M. H. Ramsfjell, H. L. Ribeiro, et al. 2023. DeepBryo: A web app for AI-assisted morphometric characterization of cheilostome bryozoans. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 21:542–551)

Column name:Image_ID:unique ID for image with initials of person who imagined the colony and a number

Column name:Category: the identified structure from DEEPBRYO (Di Martino et al. 2023) 

Column name:Hierarchy: A unique tag of the structure (where the first part of the number is the image_ID and the second a unique number for that structure in that image)

Column name: Area: surface area of the named structure (Category) in mm2

Column name:Length: maximum length of the named structure (Category) in mm

Column name:Width: maximum width of the named structure (Category) in mm

 Sheet name: FOSSIL SAMPLE METADATA

Column name:Lithostratigraphic unit/Population: Name of the formation or population (can be matched to other spreadsheets) 

Column name:Sample ID: unique sample ID from the WABO expeditions headed by Liow L. H. and Voje K. L. from 2014 to 2020

Column name:Lat.: Latitude of collection of that sample

Column name:Long. : Longitude of collection of that sample 

Column name:Coll. Year: Calender year in which the sample was collected

Sheet name: RECENT SAMPLES METADATA

Column name:Population: short description of expeditions or survey by NIWA or U Otago

Column name: Sample ID: unique sample ID expeditions or survey by NIWA or U Otago

Column name:Lat.:Latitude of collection of that sample

Column name:Long. : Longitude of collection of that sample 

Column name:Coll. Year: Calendar year in which the sample was collected

Column name:max depth: maximum depth (meters)     

Detailed description of O18.txt:

This text file has three columns, namely Time, d18O and Error, from Lisiecki and Raymo 2005.

Column name:Time: time in units of kilo years ago (kyr)

Column name:d18O: averaged delta O18 values (unitless ratio) given in Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 for the given time interval (Time)

Column name:Error: stand error for delta O18 values given in Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 for the given time interval (Time)

Detailed description of  data.giss.nasa.gov.txt:

The recent O18 values span 1988-2016 for the southern hemisphere latitude, encompassing New Zealand (25-90°S) from NASA data repository (https://data.giss.nasa.gov/)

Column name:Longitude: longitude at which the observation given in row was measured (this column was not used in our analyses, only for delimiting the spatial data)

Column name:Latitude: latitude at which the observation given in row was measured (this column was not used in our analyses, only for delimiting the spatial data)

Column name:Depth: water depth (meters) at which the observation given in row was measured (this column was not used in our analyses)

Column name:pTemperature: temperature measured in Celcius (this column was not used in our analyses)

Column name:Salinity: salinity in parts per thousand (this column was not used in our analyses)

Column name:dO18: delta O18 (unitless ratio) equivalent to those in Raymo and Lisiecki 2005

Column name:dD: (this column was not used in our analyses)

Column name:Year: calendar year when observation given in row was measured (these were assigned as "0 million years ago" in our analyses)

Column name:Month: month during which the observation given in row was measured (this column was not used in our analyses)

Column name:Reference: references from which the data in the row were drawn, see NASA for details.

Code/Software

Prep.R reads the data file and prepares the data for analyses. The data are read in and linked with formation ages, and there are functions for making averages of colonies and formations. (associated with Table S1 in the SI of the published article)

exploreTS.R uses the R packages paleoTS and EvoTS for modeling of trait means and model selection for Microporella agonistes. (associated with Fig. 2 in the main text, Fig. S2. Fig. S3, Table S2 in the SI of the published article)

TraitFitness.R fits binomial glm to Microporella agonistes data (associated with Fig. S4, Table S3, S4, Fig. 3, Fig. S5 in the SI of the published article) including Fig. 2alt (not presented)

subsampled.R draws random samples from the Microporella agonistes data to do sensitivity analyses on how much sampling of the populations potentially affect the trait-fitness results. (associated with Fig. S6 in the SI of the published article)

WinLose.R explores win-lose data for Microporella agonistes then fits binomial glm like in TraitFitness.R (associated with Fig. 4, Fig. 5 in the main text Table S5, Fig. S7, Fig. S8, Table S6 in the SI of the published article)

O18.R explores paleotemperature association (associated with Fig. 6 of the main text, Table S7, Fig. S9, Table S8 in the SI of the published article). Also runs for the other two species (speculum, intermedia and discors) Associated with Fig. S12 and S13 in the SI of the published article.

Fig.S10.R fits binomial glm to other Microporella species lumped. Associated with Fig. S10 in the SI of the published article

Fig.S10.R fits binomial glm to other Microporella species lumped. Associated with Fig. S10 in the SI of the published article

Fig.S10.R fits binomial glm to other Microporella species lumped. Associated with Fig. S10 in the SI of the published article

Fig.S11A & Fig.S11BC fit binomial glm to other Microporella species. Associated with Fig. S11 in the SI of the published article

References cited

Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20:PA1003

Naish, T. R., B. Field, H. Zhu, A. Melhuish, R. J. Carter, S. T. Abbott, S. Edwards, et al. 2005. Integrated outcrop, drill core, borehole and seismic stratigraphic architecture of a cyclothemic, shallow-marine depositional system, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 35:91–122.

Pillans, B. J., B. Alloway, T. R. Naish, J. A. Westgate, S. T. Abbott, and A. R. Palmer. 2005. Silicic tephras in Pleistocene shallow‐marine sediments of Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 35:43–90.

Rust, S. 2008. Plio-Pleistocene bryozoan faunas of the Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.