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Data from: Disentangling complex relationships and disjunctions in western Camassia: Integrating multiple criteria to resolve taxonomic boundaries

Kephart, Susan R.1; Culley, Theresa2; Archibald, Jenny K.3; Tunison, Robert4; Theiss, Kathryn E.5; Kephart, James E.1

Published Nov 03, 2025 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3n5tb2rw0

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Abstract

In a changing world, understanding variability helps sustain landscapes and develop effective species concepts for resolving difficult groups. To unravel puzzling relationships and range disjunctions, we applied morphometrics, phenology, phylogenetics, and population genetics in Camassia species with cultural, ecological, and conservation value, asking: Do the unusual Camassia populations in northeastern California represent previously unrecognized, disjunct C. howellii? Do C. howellii, C. leichtlinii, and C. quamash maintain diagnostic features in allopatry or sympatry? Are C. quamash ssp. breviflora and C. quamash ssp. linearis taxonomically distinct? We evaluated 34 Camassia populations in-situ for morphometric traits, phenology, and habitat type, collecting tissue for population microsatellite and phylogenetic analyses (rpl16, trnD-trnT). Fieldwork and genetic analyses of Camassia species allowed hypothesis-testing of all criteria. Populations of Oregon and California C. howellii shared 94-95% morphospace but differed significantly from C. leichtlinii and C. quamash, primarily in having more basal leaves, sub-globose fruits, and smaller flowers that open in mid-late afternoon, closing at sunset without reopening. Both microsatellite and phylogenetic data indicated separation of the three species, with slight genetic differentiation between the disjunct populations of C. howellii. Subspecies of C. quamash differ morphologically and genetically, with clear phylogenetic separation. Integrative approaches proved effective, affirming disputed species identities and upholding subspecific status for C. quamash ssp. linearis. For C. howellii, population genetic differentiation between disjunct regions appears congruent with phylogenetic analyses. Slight morphological differentiation of Oregon and California populations is consistent with geographic isolation, implying subspecific genetic divergence worthy of future study.