Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5tb2rbpjg

Description of the data and file structure

The files contain data that were used to assess the drivers and spatial congruence of species richness, range rarity, and functional diversity in swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae). In addition, the code for the main analyses of the corresponding article is provided.

Missing values: NA indicates that data are not available for a given cell. In the species data, NA values are used as placeholders where the calculation of SES_MPD is not possible because at least two species are required to calculate pairwise phylogenetic distances. In the environmental data, NA values result from slight spatial mismatches among the underlying environmental and distribution database layers. These cells are retained in the dataset because species distribution data are available for them.

Files and variables

File: assemblage_data.RDS

Description: R-data file.

Variables

• ID_360: Unique identifier for grid cells
• lat: Degree longitude of centroids of grid cells (WGS84)
• lon: Degree longitude of centroids of grid cells (WGS84)
• sp_rich: Number of co-occurring species
• CWE: Average inverse occupancy across co-occurring species (range_rarity) based on grid cells (ID_360)
• SES_MPD_overall: Standardised mean pairwise distances of the body volume and colour lightness of co-occurring species (FD)
• SES_MPD_size: Standardised mean pairwise distances of the body volume of co-occurring species (body size dispersion/diversity)
• SES_MPD_colour: Standardised mean pairwise distances of the colour lightness of co-occurring species (colour lightness dispersion/diversity)
• body_volume_mean: Mean body volume of co-occurring species [cm^3^]
• color_lightness_mean: Mean colour lightness of co-occurring species [8 bit gray scale value]
• bio1: Mean annual temperature [°C]
• EVI: Enhanced vegetation index (proxy for productivity)
• ele: Elevation [m]
• geometry: Spatial geometries for grid cells

Code/software

The .RDS files should be loaded (using the command readRDS()) into R after installing and activating the R-package sf.

The provided R-scripts can be used to:

• calculate_FD.R: R-code for calculating SES_MPD_overall, SES_MPD_size & SES_MPD_colour
• main_maps_and_stats.R: R-code for mapping and analysing the patterns and drivers of species richness, range rarity, FD, body size diversity and colour lightness diversity
• hotspot_analysis.R: R-code for identifying the hotspots (top 10% grid cells) of species richness, range rarity & FD, their mapping and assessing their overlap
• hotspot_definition_check.R: R-code for identifying the hotspots and assessing their overlap across different thresholds (top ranking X% grid cells)
• colour-size_variation.R: R-code for assessing the relationship of body size and colour lightness at the assemblage- and the species-level
• analysis_of_residuals.R: R-code to isolate the residual variance explained by the trend surface term in generalised additive models of FD and environmental factors

Access information

Data were derived from the following sources:

• Body volume and colour lightness were quantified based on images of species from Nakae (2021)
• Elevation and mean annual EVI data were taken from EarthEnv.org (Tuanmu and Jetz 2015; Amatulli et al. 2018)
• Mean annual temperature data were retrieved from chelsa-climate.org (Karger et al. 2017)

References:

Nakae, M. (2021) Papilionidae of the World, (ed. by Y. Nishiyama) and A.M. Cotton) Roppon-Ashi, Tokio.

Amatulli, G., Domisch, S., Tuanmu, M.-N., Parmentier, B., Ranipeta, A., Malczyk, J. & Jetz, W. (2018) A suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for environmental and biodiversity modeling. Scientific Data, 5, 180040.

Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P. & Kessler, M. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4, 170122.

Tuanmu, M.-N. & Jetz, W. (2015) A global, remote sensing-based characterization of terrestrial habitat heterogeneity for biodiversity and ecosystem modelling. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24, 1329–1339.