Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.66t1g1kfs

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains numerical and image data underlying all figures of the associated manuscript. Files include experimentally measured terahertz (THz) waveforms, electron beam timing measurements, retrieved ultrafast pulse temporal profiles, and simulation results obtained using CST and ASTRA. Numerical data are provided as CSV files. CST simulation monitor outputs are provided as high-resolution TIFF files.

CST: CST Studio Suite (Computer Simulation Technology) is a commercial electromagnetic simulation software used to model electric fields and particle dynamics.

ASTRA: ASTRA (A Space Charge Tracking Algorithm) is a particle tracking simulation code used to simulate electron beam dynamics in radio-frequency accelerators.

Files and variables

File: fig1b.csv

Description: Time-resolved THz electric field waveform measured via THz streaking.

THz electric field: Terahertz (THz) electric field refers to the electric field component of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz frequency range (10¹² Hz). In this dataset, it describes the time-dependent electric field used to interact with the electron beam.

THz streaking: THz streaking is a time-resolved measurement technique in which a time-varying THz electric field imparts a transverse momentum to an electron beam, allowing reconstruction of its temporal profile.

Normalized: Normalized indicates that the data have been scaled relative to their maximum value or another reference value, resulting in dimensionless quantities typically ranging between 0 and 1.

Time units:

ps = picosecond (10^⁻12 s)

fs = femtosecond (10^⁻15 s)

Variables

• Time_ps: Time coordinate (picoseconds)
• THz_field_normalized: Normalized THz electric field amplitude (dimensionless)

File: fig2b_t1.tif, fig2b_t2.tif, fig2b_t3.tif, fig2b_t4.tif

Description: CST-simulated spatial distributions of electron bunches at different time points (t1–t4).

Particle density: Particle density refers to the simulated spatial distribution of electrons in the beam, represented by relative intensity in the simulation images.

Variables

• Image intensity represents simulated particle density.

File: fig3a.tif

Description: Measured time-dependent electron beam deflection diagram.

Electron beam deflection diagram: A two-dimensional image showing how the transverse position (or angle) of an electron beam varies as a function of temporal delay between the beam and an external field.

Temporal delay: Temporal delay refers to the relative time shift between two synchronized signals, such as the electron beam and the THz field.

Beam deflection: Beam deflection refers to the angular or positional change of the electron beam caused by interaction with an external electric field.

Electron signal: Electron signal refers to the detected intensity of electrons recorded on a detector (e.g., phosphor screen or camera), represented as image intensity.

Variables

• Horizontal axis: temporal delay
• Vertical axis: beam deflection
• Image intensity represents measured electron signal.

File: fig3a.csv

Description: Measured temporal profile of the electron bunch.

Variables

• Time_fs: Time coordinate (femtoseconds)
• Normalized_intensity: Normalized electron intensity (dimensionless)

File: fig3d.csv

Description: Measured temporal distribution of the electron pulse train.

Temporal distribution: Temporal distribution describes how electron intensity varies as a function of time.

Electron pulse train: Electron pulse train refers to a sequence of temporally separated electron pulses within a single measurement window.

Variables

• Pulse1_time_fs: Time of pulse 1 (femtoseconds)
• Pulse1_normalized_intensity: Normalized intensity of pulse 1 (dimensionless)
• Pulse2_time_fs: Time of pulse 2 (femtoseconds)
• Pulse2_normalized_intensity: Normalized intensity of pulse 2 (dimensionless)
• Pulse3_time_fs: Time of pulse 3 (femtoseconds)
• Pulse3_normalized_intensity: Normalized intensity of pulse 3 (dimensionless)

File: fig4b.csv

Description: Measured electron arrival time drift with and without the THz-driven device.

Arrival time jitter: Refers to fluctuations in the arrival time of electron pulses relative to a reference timing signal.

THz-driven device: The THz-driven antenna structure combined with the beam aperture used for timing stabilization.

With_device: Refers to measurements performed with the THz-driven timing stabilization device active.

Without_device: Refers to measurements performed without the device.

Variables

• Time_minutes: Measurement time (minutes)
• Arrival_time_without_device_fs: Electron arrival time without device (femtoseconds)
• Arrival_time_with_device_fs: Electron arrival time with device (femtoseconds)

File: fig4c.csv

Description: Simulation results showing influence of RF amplitude fluctuations on arrival time jitter.

RF (radio-frequency): Electromagnetic accelerating field used in the electron gun.

Influence of RF amplitude fluctuations: Refers to the simulated effect of variations in RF accelerating field amplitude on electron arrival time stability.

Variables

• RF_amplitude_variation_percent: RF amplitude variation (%)
• Simulated_arrival_time_jitter_fs: Simulated arrival time jitter (femtoseconds)

File: fig4d.csv

Description: Simulation results showing influence of RF phase fluctuations on arrival time jitter.

Influence of RF phase fluctuations: Refers to the simulated effect of variations in RF accelerating phase on electron arrival time stability.

Variables

• RF_phase_deg: RF phase variation (degrees)
• Simulated_arrival_time_jitter_fs: Simulated arrival time jitter (femtoseconds)

File: fig4e.csv

Description: Measured electron arrival time as a function of UV laser delay.

UV laser: UV laser refers to an ultraviolet laser pulse used to generate or synchronize the electron beam.

Variables

• UV_delay_fs: UV laser delay time (femtoseconds)
• Arrival_time_with_device_fs: Arrival time with device (femtoseconds)
• Arrival_time_without_device_fs: Arrival time without device (femtoseconds)
• SD_without_device_fs: Standard deviation of arrival time without device (femtoseconds)

File: fig5b_t1.tif, fig5b_t2.tif, fig5b_t3.tif, fig5b_t4.tif

Description: CST-simulated electric field distribution and beam evolution at different simulation stages.

Electric field distribution: Electric field distribution describes the spatial variation of electric field magnitude within the simulated structure.

Beam evolution: Beam evolution refers to the simulated change in electron beam properties (e.g., length or spatial distribution) during propagation.

Variables

• Image intensity represents electric field magnitude.

File: fig5c.csv

Description: Simulated evolution of electron bunch length.

Variables

• Time_fs: Time coordinate (femtoseconds)
• Bunch_length_fs: Electron bunch length (femtoseconds)

Code/software

The data are provided in CSV and TIFF formats and can be opened using standard data analysis or image viewing software. No specialized software is required.

Access information

Other publicly accessible locations of the data:

• None.

Data was derived from the following sources:

• The data were generated as part of this study and were not derived from external sources.