https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.98sf7m0tr

Description of the data and file structure

These data can be used to reproduce the analyses and the visualization of figures presented in the paper titled ' Decoding the complex processes of local ecological knowledge loss or retention worldwide'.

The analysis of Sequential Rule Mining (SRM) was mainly run in SPMF v2.62 software with a command line interface. Descriptive statistics, data processing and visualization were made in R 4.4.2. The network figures were made using the Gephi 0.10.1 software.

Files and variables

File: casestudy.csv

Description: The year of publication, the continent and the coordinate of the study site, the dimensional change outcomes and change processes (in the form of sequences) in the study. Drivers involved here contain 33 threatening factors (i.e., aging, population growth, immigrants, out-migration, unavailability, ineffectiveness, interest lost, language loss, acculturation, cultural violence, cultural suppression, formal education, market participation, economic dominance, pollution, institutional modernization, infrastructure modernization, production modernization, non-local variety emergence, livelihood restructuring, altered activity range, land-use transformation, preference shift, global climate change, exotic species establishment, biodiversity change, socio-ecosystem instability, household structure transformation, social interaction decline, social role redefinition, external institutional intrusion, local authority dispossession, conservative rules) and 6 resistant factors (i.e., environmental isolation, cultural-normative cohesion, habitus, functional dependence, institutional support, community agency). Dimensional assessments include the assessments on 9 categories (i.e. factual observation, management systems, past and current uses, ethics and values, culture and identity, and cosmology from Houde’s conceptual framework; plus knowledge enrichment, practice expansion, and cultural-belief broadening following Berkes’ conceptual framework). The data was extracted from the original texts of the literatures according to certain definitions and criteria. The 

Variables

• ord: the serial number of each case study.
• year: the year of publication of the source literature.
• conti: the continent of the studied site.
• credibility_s: the credibility of the reported outcomes of LEK change.
• credibility_c: the credibility of the reported processes of LEK change.
• lat_c: the latitude of the studied site.
• lon_c: the longitude of the studied site.
• dom: the primary research domain of the focal LEK system.
• odom: the other possible research domains associated with the focal LEK system.
• fo: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'factual observation' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ms: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'management systems' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• pcu: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'past and current uses' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ev: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'ethics and values' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ci: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'culture and identity' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• cos: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'cosmology' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• efo: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'knowledge enrichment' (expanded/not obviously expanded/NA)
• epcu: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'practice expansion' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• eci: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'cultural-belief broadening' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• sequence1 – sequence22: Ordered event sequences (each in the form of “event unit 1 - … - event unit x”) describing LEK system change for each case. Sequences are entered from left to right, beginning with sequence1, with one sequence per cell. Columns are populated consecutively until all sequences for a given case is represented. Any remaining empty cells indicate that no additional sequences were identified for that case and should not be interpreted as missing data.
• NA = unavailable / unreported.

Aswani, S., Lemahieu, A. & Sauer, W. H. H. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLOS ONE 13, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195440 (2018).

Houde, N. The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements. Ecology and Society 12, doi:10.5751/ES-02270-120234 (2006).

Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol. Appl. 10, 1251-1262. Doi 10.2307/2641280.

File: sequencedb_count.csv

Description: the sample size of each sequence database. It was recorded after the dimensional sequence databases were built and it mainly served as imported indexes in the following calculation of 95% confidence interval (CI) of the rules’ confidence (a metric in SRM referring to how likely the latter driver will occur under the condition that the former driver has been recorded).

Variables

• category: the dimension (in the form of abbreviation) of each sequence database. Serve as the document prefix input. By combining them with certain filename extensions (including .txt and .csv), we imported documents representing different stages of SRM result in R.
• support: the selected minimum support for each dimension, which is the result of sensitivity analysis for each dimension.
• confidence: a metric in SRM referring to how likely the latter driver will occur under the condition that the former driver has been recorded, here set as a fixed value (0.7).
• ori.seq.num: the sample size of each sequence database corresponding to the document prefix.
• For the summary row (“all”), the support and confidence columns are marked as “N/A” because these metrics are only calculated for dimension-specific sequential rule mining and are not applicable to the aggregated total.

File: driver.csv

Description: the primary category, the abbreviation, the full name, the color in visualization of the 39 drivers. The selection and classification of the drivers were adapted from the review of Aswani et. al. in 2018. The file served as indexes for codes related to descriptive statistics and visualization in R.

Variables

• name: the full name of the primary category which the driver belongs to.
• dri: the abbreviation of the primary category which the driver belongs to.
• drinum: the serial number of the primary category which the driver belongs to.
• subname: the full name of the driver.
• subdri: the abbreviation of the driver.
• subdrinum: the serial number of the driver.
• subcolor: the corresponding color of the driver used in visualization.

Aswani, S., Lemahieu, A. & Sauer, W. H. H. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLOS ONE 13, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195440 (2018).

File: category_spmf_cm.zip

Description: the results of SRM with certain thresholds of support and confidence. The algorithm in SPMF software will return all rules that meet the criteria (i.e. rules with a support and a confidence higher than the threshold) in the form of “A => B”. A and B here are sets (hereafter called ‘driver set’) rather than single elements, for example, “{a, c} => {b, d}”. There is no order between a and c, or b and d. a, b, c, and d herein are called ‘elements’, corresponding to drivers or categorical assessments in our research. The threshold of support was identified according to the specific dimension through a sensitivity test. The threshold of confidence was set as 70% according to the convention. There are 6 .txt documents in the zip file, each one corresponding to the result from a categorical sequence database. They were imported into R to do further confidence inspection and be transformed to .csv tables.

File: catagory_spmf_con.zip

Description: the results of SRM after a further inspection on the confidence of the rule. There are 6 .csv tables in the zip file, each one corresponding to the result from a categorical sequence database. The .csv table was converted from the .txt document in category_spmf_cm.zip in R. After transforming into a .csv table, the 95% CI was calculated for the confidence of each rule, and the rules with a lower limit of 95% CI smaller than 0.5 were removed.

Variables

• lhs = the former driver set of the rule.
• rhs = the latter driver set of the rule.
• support = the frequency of the rule in the database.
• sup = the frequency of the rule in the database in the format of percentage.
• c.lhs = the frequency of the former driver set of the rule in the database.
• d.CI = the lower limit of the 95% CI of the confidence.
• u.CI = the upper limit of the 95% CI of the confidence.
• level = the assessment of the reliability of the rule by inspecting d.CI. The level of ‘> 0.5’ or higher was considered acceptable in our analysis (which were all shown in the tables).

File: sensitivity_test.csv

Description: the result of sensitivity test which was used to identify the optimal support (a metric in SRM referring to how frequently the rule occurs in the driver sequence database). The results were recorded after tests of different support in SPMF. The sensitivity test was made in all 6 dimensions.

Variables

• support: the threshold of support set in SPMF. The software will keep those rules with a support higher than the threshold.
• dimension: the category, indicating which database was being used
• sequential rules: the number of sequential rules under the condition of corresponding support.

File: casestudy_seq.csv

Description: the sequence set of LEK change. Each sequence was extracted from the process mentioned or discussed in the literature by authors and coded in the form of ordered combinations of the 39 event units. The extraction and coding were all according to certain criteria. The sequences were represented in the format of ‘event unit 1 - … - event unit x’.

Variables

• ord: the serial number of each case study.
• year: the year of publication of the source literature.
• dom: the primary research domain of the focal LEK system.
• fo: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'factual observation' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ms: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'management systems' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• pcu: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'past and current uses' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ev: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'ethics and values' (degraded/interrupted/conserved/NA)
• ci: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'culture and identity' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• cos: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'cosmology' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• efo: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'knowledge enrichment' (expanded/not obviously expanded/NA)
• epcu: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'practice expansion' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• eci: the dimensional assessment of the dimension 'cultural-belief broadening' (interrupted/conserved/NA)
• sequence: Ordered event sequences (each in the form of “event unit a - … - event unit x”) describing LEK system change.
• NA = unavailable / unreported.

File: catagory_spmf_postcon.zip

Description: division of driver sets of the rules, which were based on the results of confidence inspection. There are 6 .csv tables in the zip file, each one corresponding to the result from a categorical sequence database. The .csv table was adapted from the table in catagory_spmf_con.zip, in which the elements of driver sets were not divided. We additionally counted every direct linkage among drivers and made chord plots to illustrate the sequences and patterns. If the relation (presented as arrows) between the two drivers is mainly one way, then the order among elements within a driver set can be identified. If the relation is not dominantly one way, we additionally set a mediating node ‘together’ to illustrate their interrelation (i.e. ‘{a, c} => {b}’ transforming to ‘a => ac-together => b’ and ‘c => ac-together => b’). We identified the order within driver sets and transformed original rules to a new format in which the node of the rule is filled with single element rather than a driver set. 

Variables

• lhs1 - 2 = nodes with single driver divided from the former and latter driver sets of the rule. There is an order from lhs1 to lhs2 to represent the order of driver occurrence. If fewer than three drivers are included, the remaining cells will be left blank. These blank cells are structural placeholders for sequence alignment in the .csv table and do not indicate missing data.
• rhs = the node of the categorical assessment as the end of the rule.
• support = the frequency of the original rule (i.e. in the format of .txt documents in catagory_spmf_cm.zip and .csv tables in catagory_spmf_con.zip) in the database.
• sup = the frequency of the original rule in the database in the format of percentage.
• c.lhs = the frequency of the former driver set of the original rule in the database.
• d.CI = the lower limit of the 95% CI of the original confidence.
• u.CI = the upper limit of the 95% CI of the original confidence.
• level = the assessment of the reliability of the original rule by inspecting d.CI. The level of ‘> 0.5’ or higher was considered acceptable in our analysis (which were all shown in the tables).

File: category_spmf_text.zip

Description: the sequence databases for the 6 categories (hereafter called ‘categorical sequence database’). It was transformed from the sequence data in casestudy_seq.csv. In the database, each sequence had been transformed to the format which can be recognized by SPMF software. Specifically, each sequence contains ordered drivers in the form of numeric. The transformation of drivers was coded according to driver.csv. What followed the drivers was the categorical assessment (corresponding to databases of different categories) of that case study, which was also represented in the numeric format (i.e. ‘101’ for ‘degraded’, ‘102’ for ‘interrupted’ and ‘103’ for ‘conserved’). In the intervals among drivers, and between the last driver and the dimensional assessment, was the number ‘-1’. The sequence must end with the number ‘-2’ and between the dimensional assessment and the ‘-2’ was also a ‘-1’. The sequences were represented as ‘driver -1 … -1 driver -1 dimensional assessment -1 -2’.

File: category_spmf_db.zip

Description: the sequence databases for the 6 categories, with additional codes which allowed the drivers and categorical assessment in SRM results (i.e. the rules) to be represented in the format of text rather than numeric. The additional codes were inserted at the beginning of the database.

Code/software

These scripts are used to reproduce the analyses and visualization presented in the paper titled ' Decoding the complex processes of local ecological knowledge loss or retention worldwide'. All the R package required in the analysis are listed in the scripts. The analysis of Sequential Rule Mining (SRM) was mainly run in SPMF v2.62 software with a command line interface. Descriptive statistics and visualization were made in R 4.4.2.

Descriptive statistics and visualization

geography_domain_distribution.R

The script to do the statistics to show the spatial distribution and the topic distribution of case studies on the world map.

Critical import

• The basemap used in this study is derived from the "rnaturalearth" and "rnaturalearthdata" R packages, which provide openly accessible vector map data from Natural Earth.

South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. R package version 0.3.2 (2022); https://github.com/ropensci/rnaturalearth(opens in new window)

Natural Earth. Natural Earth Data. Natural Earth (2023); https://www.naturalearthdata.com/(opens in new window)

• The ‘casestudy.csv’ for basic information of the case studies.

Multiple Correspondence Analysis followed by Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (MCA - HCPC)

MCA_HCPC.R

The script performs descriptive and multivariate analyses of LEK change outcomes across the nine LEK dimensions. First, it summarizes and visualizes the distribution of outcome categories (e.g., degraded, interrupted, and conserved) within each LEK dimension. Subsequently, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) is applied to the categorical outcome variables, followed by Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) to identify groups of cases with similar LEK change profiles. The script generates the cluster plot, the case dendrogram and the category-variable plot to visualize clustering patterns and variable contributions. In addition, it outputs the MCA v-test statistics table, which quantifies the association between LEK outcome categories and the identified clusters.

Critical import

• The ‘casestudy.csv’ for basic information of the case studies.

Sequential Rule Mining (SRM)

sequence_database_preparation.R

The script to build categorical sequence databases with the sequences extracted from the processes affecting LEK system which were mentioned or discussed in the literatures. The original format of the import data was ‘event unit 1 - … - event unit x’, and it will be transformed in the format required by SPMF (which has been introduced in the Description of category_spmf_db.zip).

Critical import

• The ‘casestudy.csv’ for original sequences.
• The ‘driver.csv’ providing the abbreviation, full name and corresponding color of the drivers for indexes in the codes for statistics and visualization. The coding system and criteria for driver extraction were adapted from the review of Aswani et.al.

Aswani, S., Lemahieu, A. & Sauer, W. H. H. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLOS ONE 13, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195440 (2018).

Houde, N. The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements. Ecology and Society 12, doi:10.5751/ES-02270-120234 (2006).

Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol. Appl. 10, 1251-1262. Doi 10.2307/2641280.

Critical export

• The .txt documents in category_spmf_db.zip
• The ‘casestudy_seq.csv’

spmf_sensitivity_test.txt

The .txt document records the code used in the sensitivity test (for identifying the optimal support) in SPMF software with a command line interface.

Critical import

• The .txt documents in category_spmf_text.zip

Critical export

• SPMF results under the condition of different support were recorded in sensitivity_test.csv

SA_result_visualization.R

The script to visualize the results of sensitivity test conducted in SPMF.

Critical import

• The ‘sensitivity_test.csv’ containing the results of sensitivity test conducted in SPMF.

 

category_spmf_sup_con.txt

The .txt document records the code used in the SRM analyses for 6 categorical sequence databases in SPMF software with a command line interface.

Critical import

• The .txt documents in category_spmf_text.zip

Critical export

• The .txt documents in category_spmf_cm.zip

 

category_spmf_con_check.R

The script to turn the results of SRM from .txt documents into .csv tables, calculate the 95% CI of the confidence of the rules and remove those rules with an unacceptable lower limit of the 95% CI (< 0.5).

Critical import

• The ‘category_spmf_cm.zip’ containing the SRM results of categorical databases in the format of .txt document.
• The ‘sequencedb_count.csv’

Critical export

• The .csv tables in category_spmf_con.zip

 

chord_plots.R

The script to do the statistics for directed linkages among drivers in each category and visualize the results by chord plots. In each category, the statistics and visualization were done respectively in the set of studies with assessment result ‘degraded’, ‘interrupted’, and ‘conserved’. The orientation relationships among drivers revealed by the chord plots were used to identify the order of drivers within driver sets, turning .csv tables in category_spmf_con.zip to .csv tables in category_spmf_postcon.zip.

Critical import

• The ‘casestudy_seq.csv’ for basic information of the case studies and original sequences.
• The ‘driver.csv’ providing the abbreviation, full name and corresponding color of the drivers for indexes in the codes for statistics and visualization. The coding system and criteria for driver extraction were adapted from Aswani et.al.

Aswani, S., Lemahieu, A. & Sauer, W. H. H. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLOS ONE 13, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195440 (2018).

Houde, N. The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements. Ecology and Society 12, doi:10.5751/ES-02270-120234 (2006).

Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol. Appl. 10, 1251-1262. Doi 10.2307/2641280.

lollipop_diagrams.R

The script to visualize the support values of high-support rules by lollipop diagrams in each dimension.

Critical import

• The ‘category_spmf_postcon.zip' for basic information of the rules' support.

Access information

The primary dataset provided in this repository is derived from publicly available sources. All data extraction and processing steps are described in the accompanying documentation. The original sources can be accessed as follows:

• Map base layers used for visualization were obtained from the R packages "rnaturalearth" and "rnaturalearthdata", which provide openly accessible geographic data. The original datasets can be accessed via:

• Natural Earth: https://www.naturalearthdata.com

• R package repository: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rnaturalearth/
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Corresponding Authors:

• Qinian Fang, Sun Yat-sen University, fangqn5@mail2.sysu.edu.cn

• Tien Ming Lee, Sun Yat-sen University, leetm@mail.sysu.edu.cn

  Both authors contributed equally as corresponding authors for this dataset.