Oaks (Quercus spp.) are well-known “masting” species exhibiting highly variable and synchronized acorn production. We investigated the hypothesis that periodical cicadas (Magicada spp.), well-known to have strong effects on the ecosystems in which they occur, affect acorn production of oaks through their xylem feeding habits as nymphs, the oviposition damage they inflect as adults during emergences, or the nutrient pulse resulting from the decomposition of their bodies following breeding. We found negative effects on acorn production during emergence years and the year following emergences, and enhanced acorn production two years post-emergence. We also found evidence suggesting a significant effect of cicada emergences on spatial synchrony of acorn production by trees growing within the range of the same cicada brood compared to different broods. These results demonstrate that periodical cicadas act as a trophic environmental “veto” depressing acorn production during and immediately following emergences, after which the nutrient pulse associated with the cicada’s demise enhances oak reproduction.