Data from: Electrically functionalized body surface for deep-tissue bioelectrical recording
Data files
Mar 26, 2026 version files 14.46 MB
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Fig2.xlsx
223.24 KB
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Fig3.xlsx
159.97 KB
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Fig4.xlsx
464.28 KB
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Fig5.xlsx
3.08 MB
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Fig6.xlsx
2.84 MB
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README.md
7.57 KB
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SI_Fig12.xlsx
3.39 MB
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SI_Fig13.xlsx
3.13 MB
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SI_Fig14.xlsx
632.53 KB
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SI_Fig3.xlsx
12.62 KB
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SI_Fig4.xlsx
21.90 KB
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SI_Fig5.xlsx
35.56 KB
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SI_Fig6.xlsx
27.18 KB
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SI_Fig7.xlsx
42.13 KB
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SI_Fig8.xlsx
144.91 KB
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SI_Fig9.xlsx
245.59 KB
Abstract
Directly probing deep tissue activities from body surfaces offers a non-invasive approach to monitoring essential physiological processes. However, this method is technically challenged by rapid signal attenuation toward the body surface and confounding motion artifacts, primarily due to excessive contact impedance and mechanical mismatch with conventional electrodes. Here, we produce low-impedance electrically functionalized body surfaces (EFBS) by formulating and directly spray coating biocompatible two-dimensional nanosheet ink onto the human body under ambient conditions to create microscopically conformal and adaptive van der Waals thin films (VDWTFs). Unlike traditional deposition methods, which often struggle with conformality and adaptability while retaining high electronic performance, these VDWTFs are stretchable and form directly on the body surface under bio-friendly conditions, seamlessly merging with non-Euclidean, hairy, and dynamically evolving body surfaces. This results in robust monitoring of biopotential and bioimpedance modulations associated with deep-tissue activities, such as blood circulation, muscle movements, and brain activities. Compared to commercial solutions, the VDWTF-EFBS exhibits nearly two orders of magnitude lower contact impedance and substantially reduces the extrinsic motion artifacts, enabling reliable extraction of bioelectrical signals from irregular body surfaces, such as unshaved human scalps. This technology advances capability for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of deep-tissue activities during routine body movements.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cjsxksnm3
Description of the data and file structure
The data is collected and documented for the paper entitled: "Electrically functionalized body surface for bioelectrical deep-tissue recording". All experimental details for data collection and processing are described in the paper.
Files and variables
File: Fig2.xlsx
Description: Basic characterizations of VDWTF-EFBS.
Variables
- Fig. 2e, impedance measurements on skin: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohmcm2) (VDWTF); Standard deviations in Column B; Frequency (Hz) (2nd plot); Impedance (Ohmcm2) (gel electrodes), Standard deviations in Column E
- Fig. 2f and 2g, thin film resistance measurements under repeated motion: Time (s), Current ratio (I/I_0)
File: Fig3.xlsx
Description: Motion artifact characterizations
Variables
- Fig. 3e, 3f, resistance measurements under different contact conditions and motion conditions: Time (s); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3e, left panel); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3e, mid panel); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3e, right panel); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3f, left panel); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3f, mid panel); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3f, right panel)
- Fig. 3g, ECG measurements with our technology under different motion conditions: Time(s); Signal (a.u.) (Fig.3g left panel); Time(s) (2nd plot); Signal (a.u.) (Fig.3g mid panel); Time(s) (3rd plot); Signal (a.u.) (Fig.3g right panel)
- Fig. 3h, ECG measurements with Ag/AgCl electrodes: Time (s); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3h left panel); Time (s) (2nd plot); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3h mid panel); Time (s) (3rd plot); Signal (a.u.) (Fig. 3h right panel)
File: Fig4.xlsx
Description: The VDWTF-EFBS to probe deep tissue impedance changes
Variables
- Fig. 4c, 4d, blood pressure signal monitored with impedance measurements, synchronized with ECG signal: Time (s); Potential change dU (a.u.) for ECG; Potential change dU (a.u.) for Impedance, upper panel; Time (s) (2nd plot); Potential change dU (a.u.) for Impedance, lower panel
- Fig. 4f, impedance waveform during vocals, with our technology: Time (s); Signal pronouncing 'U'; Signal pronouncing 'C'; Signal pronouncing 'L'; Signal pronouncing 'A'
- Fig. 4g, impedance waveform during vocals, with Ag/AgCl gel electrodes as control: Time (s); Signal pronouncing 'U'; Signal pronouncing 'C'; Signal pronouncing 'L'; Signal pronouncing 'A'
File: Fig5.xlsx
Description: Probing electrical potential from functionalized unshaved scalp
Variables
- Fig. 5b, EEG signals: Time (s), Fp1-A1, Fp2-A2, F3-A1, F4-A2, C3-A1, C4-A2, P3-A1, P4-A2, O1-A1, O2-A2, F7-A1, F8-A2, T3-A1, T4-A2, T5-A1, T6-A2
- Fig. 5c, Spectra of EEG signals: Frequency, Fp1-A1, Fp2-A2, F3-A1, F4-A1, C3-A1, C4-A1, P3-A1, P4-A2, O1-A1, O2-A1, F7-A1, F8-A2, T3-A1, T4-A2, T5-A1, T6-A2
File: Fig6.xlsx
Description: Deep-scalp impedance measurements
Variables
- Fig. 6c, scalp impedance monitoring during different activities: Time (s); Signal with blink (a.u.); Signal with blink (a.u.); Signal with breath (a.u.); Signal with swallow (5s period) (a.u.); Signal with swallow (10s period) (a.u.); Time (s); Signal with swallow (30s period) (a.u.)
- Fig. 6d, scalp impedance monitoring during brain blood autoregulation tests: Time (min); Signal (a.u.); Time (min) (continued); Signal (a.u.) (continued)
- Fig. 6d inset, statistics on signal variations: Cycle #; Signals for test 1 (a.u.); Signals for test 2 (a.u.); Signals for test 3 (a.u.); Signals for test 4 (a.u.); Signals for test 5 (a.u.); Signals for test 6 (a.u.)
- Fig. 6e, reference arm blood pressure monitored from a cuffed device: Time (min); High pressure (mmHg); Low pressure (mmHg)
- Fig. 6g, 6h, scale impedance variations under visual stimulation: Time (min); Signal (a.u.)
File: SI_Fig3.xlsx
Description: Mechanical stability characterizations
Variables
- SI_Fig. 3a, stretch test of the thin film: Strain (%); Resistance ratio
- SI_Fig. 3b, resistance changes over repeated stretch tests: Time (s); Resistance ratio
- SI_Fig. 3c, adhesion strength tests with different tape materials: Material #; Adhesive force (N/m)
- SI_Fig. 3d, resistance changes during rubbing tests: Rubbing cycles; Current ratio
File: SI_Fig4.xlsx
Description: Skin-contact impedance test of VDWTF-EFBS over extended time
Variables
- Impedance tested at Day 0: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohmcm2), Measurement 1; Measurement 2; Measurement 3; Mean (Ohmcm2); Std (Ohm*cm2)
- Impedance tested at Day 1: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohmcm2), Measurement 1; Measurement 2; Measurement 3; Mean (Ohmcm2); Std (Ohm*cm2)
- Impedance tested at Day 2: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohmcm2), Measurement 1; Measurement 2; Measurement 3; Mean (Ohmcm2); Std (Ohm*cm2)
- Impedance tested at Day 3: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohmcm2), Measurement 1; Measurement 2; Measurement 3; Mean (Ohmcm2); Std (Ohm*cm2)
File: SI_Fig5.xlsx
Description: The breathability and robustness under wet conditions.
Variables
- SI_Fig. 5a, breathability (measured in water vapor transmission, WVT) tests: Time (h); WVT (g/cm2) Human skin; WVT 100 nm VDWTF; WVT 20 nm VDWTF
- Si_Fig. 5c, impedance changes under different wetting conditions: Frequency (Hz); Impedance (Ohm) ambient condition; Impedance, wetting; Impedance, sweating
File: SI_Fig6.xlsx
Description: Power spectra of body conduction curves in Fig. 3.
Variables
Frequency (Hz); Power (a.u.) black curve; Power, blue curve; Power, red curve
File: SI_Fig7.xlsx
Description: Control DC resistance measurement using the graphite-syrup-tailored
contacts without the VDWTF-EFBS
Variables
Time (s); Signal (a.u.) lower panel; Signal, mid panel; Signal, upper panel
File: SI_Fig8.xlsx
Description: Control tests for AC impedance measurements.
Variables
- SI_Fig.8a, 8b, blood pulse waveforms under with different contacts: Time (s); Signal (a.u.) with our technology; Signal (a.u.) with control group.
- SI_Fig.8c, Fourier transformed spectra of the signals in 8a and 8b: Frequency (Hz); Power (dB) Ag/AgCl gel; Frequency (Hz); Power (dB) VDWTF-EFBS
- SI_Fig.8d, neck impedance measurements during continuous pronunciation of ‘z’, without the thin film: Time (s); Signal (a.u.)
- SI_Fig.8e, neck impedance measurements during continuous pronunciation of ‘z’, with the thin film: Time (s); Signal (a.u.)
File: SI_Fig9.xlsx
Description: EMG signals recorded from the shank of a human volunteer during
repeated plantarflexion.
Variables
- SI_Fig. 9a, signal with commercial electrodes: Time (s); Amplitude (a.u.)
- SI_Fig. 9b, signal with our technology: Time (s); Amplitude (a.u.)
File: SI_Fig12.xlsx
Description: Comparison of scalp impedance measurements
Variables
Time (s); Signal (a.u.), commercial electrodes; Time (s) 2; Signal (a.u.), our technology
File: SI_Fig13.xlsx
Description: Repetitions of up-and-down tests.
Variables
- SI_Fig. 13a, test subject 1: Time (s); Signal (a.u.); Time (s) 2; Signal (a.u.) 2
- SI_Fig. 13b, test subject 2: Time (s); Signal (a.u.); Time (s) 2; Signal (a.u.) 2; Time (s) 3; Signal (a.u.) 3
File: SI_Fig14.xlsx
Description: Fourier spectra of the waveform in Fig. 6h.
Variables
Frequency (Hz); Power (a.u.)