Data from: Ocean circulation changes rather than global warming drove temperature trends across the Miocene Climatic Optimum
Data files
Sep 08, 2026 version files 64.49 MB
-
Age_model_of_Sites_1165_and_1007.xlsx
13.14 KB
-
Age_model_updates.xlsx
23.94 KB
-
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_GSRdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
40.32 MB
-
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_PSclosed_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
11.73 MB
-
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_TETHYSdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
11.86 MB
-
New_Data_GDGT_alkenone_bulk_isotope.xlsx
280.48 KB
-
README.md
30.39 KB
-
Recalculated_MgCa_SST.xlsx
229.06 KB
Abstract
The Early-to-Middle Miocene (23-13.8 million years ago, Ma) was 6–9 °C warmer than today. Around 16.9 Ma, benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope (d18O) records suggest pronounced warming, known as the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) onset. However, explaining this putative global warming with CO2 forcing faces challenges in terms of timing and forcing magnitude. Our new biomarker-based ocean temperature records, combined with published data, reveal no significant mean global upper ocean warming across the MCO. Instead, temperature changes differ considerably between sites, with some regions showing cooling. Climate model sensitivity tests indicate these patterns are best explained by ocean circulation changes, likely due to gateway changes and Antarctic ice sheet variations. This suggests that the MCO signature is better attributed to ocean circulation changes rather than a CO2-driven global warming event. The d18O signal therefore represents warmer deepwater sourcing and/or reduced Antarctic glacial volume, resolving the longstanding challenge of explaining MCO warming without a pronounced CO2 rise.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cvdncjtfx
Description of the data and file structure
This dataset contains age-model data, newly generated and recalculated marine proxy data, and climate-model output associated with the study Ocean circulation changes rather than global warming drove temperature trends across the Miocene Climatic Optimum.
The dataset contains seven files:
Age_model_of_Sites_1165_and_1007.xlsxAge_model_updates.xlsxNew_Data_GDGT_alkenone_bulk_isotope.xlsxRecalculated_MgCa_SST.xlsxB.MIO_400_C4f19g16_TETHYSdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.ncB.MIO_400_C4f19g16_PSclosed_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.ncB.MIO_400_C4f19g16_GSRdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
The Excel files contain age models and marine paleoclimate proxy data. The NetCDF files contain annual-mean model output variables from Miocene climate model simulations.
Model simulations
The three NetCDF files contain annual-mean climatological output from the final 50 simulated years of Miocene simulations performed using version 4 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4). The simulations use Miocene boundary conditions.
CCSM4 is an open-source community climate model. Information about CCSM4 is available at:
https://www2.cesm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm4.0/. The Miocene boundary conditions used for these simulations are publicly available from Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4568897.
The three simulations represent different ocean gateway configurations:
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_TETHYSdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc: Miocene simulation with a deepened Tethys Sea.B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_PSclosed_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc: Miocene simulation with a closed Panama Seaway.B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_GSRdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc: Miocene simulation with a deepened Greenland–Scotland Ridge (GSR).
The corresponding control simulation output is not included in this dataset because it has been previously published and is available at:
https://doi.org/10.4231/A0D2-TY84
1. Excel files
1.1 Age_model_of_Sites_1165_and_1007.xlsx
Description
This file contains the age models for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1165 and Site 1007 generated in this study. Ages are reported in millions of years (Ma), and depths are reported in meters below seafloor (mbsf). This Excel workbook contains age-model data for two ODP sites. The workbook includes two worksheets:
- Site 1165 Hole B
- Site 1007 Hole C
The two worksheets use the same column structure shown below.
Variables
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Datum type |
Type or category of the stratigraphic datum or age-control point. | Categorical |
Event |
Name or identifier of the stratigraphic event used to constrain the age model. | Text |
Age (Ma) |
Assigned age of the datum/event. | Ma |
Age error (Ma) |
Uncertainty associated with the assigned age. | Ma |
Depth mean (mbsf) |
Mean depth below seafloor corresponding to the datum/event. | mbsf |
Depth top (mbsf) |
Upper depth associated with the datum/event interval. | mbsf |
depth bottom (mbsf) |
Lower depth associated with the datum/event interval. | mbsf |
"NA"s represent data that is unavailable or not applicable for that sample.
1.2 Age_model_updates.xlsx
Description
This workbook contains updated age-model information for Sites 926, 872, 806, and 761. The age models have been revised or recalibrated to the GTS2012 (Geologic Time Scale 2012). Each site is provided on a separate spreadsheet.
Ages are reported in millions of years (Ma) unless otherwise indicated. Depths are reported in meters below seafloor (mbsf) or meters composite depth (mcd), depending on the spreadsheet.
Sheet: Site 926
This spreadsheet contains stratigraphic datum information and corresponding age and depth information for Site 926.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Reference |
Publication or data source from which the datum or age information was obtained. | Text |
Datum |
Stratigraphic datum or event used as an age constraint. | Text |
Stratigraphic position |
Stratigraphic position or description of the datum/event. | Text |
Age (Ma) |
Original age assigned to the datum/event. | Ma |
Age (Ma) GTS2012 |
Age of the datum/event recalibrated or updated to the GTS2012 time scale. | Ma |
Core, section, interval (cm) |
Core, section, and sample interval associated with the datum. Top and Bottom indicate the upper and lower boundaries of the interval. |
cm / text |
Depth (mbsf) |
Depth associated with the datum below seafloor. | mbsf |
Mean Depth (mbsf) |
Mean depth of the interval associated with the datum. | mbsf |
Depth (mcd) |
Depth expressed on the meters composite depth scale. | mcd |
Mean Depth (mcd) |
Mean composite depth of the interval associated with the datum. | mcd |
Sheet: Site 872
This spreadsheet contains stratigraphic datum information and age-depth information for Site 872.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Reference |
Publication or data source associated with the datum or age information. | Text |
Datum |
Stratigraphic datum or event used as an age constraint. | Text |
Stratigraphic position |
Stratigraphic position or description of the datum/event. | Text |
Core, section, interval (cm) |
Core, section, and sample interval associated with the datum. Top and Bottom indicate the interval boundaries. |
cm / text |
Depth top (mbsf) |
Upper depth of the interval below seafloor. | mbsf |
Depth bottom (mbsf) |
Lower depth of the interval below seafloor. | mbsf |
Interpolated Depth (mbsf) |
Depth estimated by interpolation for the corresponding datum/event. | mbsf |
Age (Ma) (Pearson, 1995) |
Age assigned to the datum/event following Pearson (1995). | Ma |
Age (Ma) (GTS 2012) |
Age assigned or recalibrated to the GTS2012 time scale. | Ma |
Comment |
Additional information concerning the datum, age assignment, or interpolation. | Text |
Sheet: Site 806
This spreadsheet contains stratigraphic event information and corresponding age-depth information for Site 806.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Reference |
Publication or data source associated with the event or age information. | Text |
Events |
Stratigraphic event used to constrain the age model. | Text |
806B Depth [m] |
Depth of the event at Site 806B. | m |
Age (Ma) (GTS2012) |
Age of the event calibrated to the GTS2012 time scale. | Ma |
Comment |
Additional information about the event or age assignment. | Text |
Sheet: Site 761
This spreadsheet contains age-depth information and age-model parameters for Site 761.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Reference |
Publication or data source associated with the age information. | Text |
Depth sed [mcd] |
Sediment depth expressed on the meters composite depth scale. | mcd |
Std dev |
Standard deviation associated with the depth or age-model information, as defined in the source age-model dataset. | As reported |
Ageprof dat des |
Description or designation of the age-profile datum. | Text |
Source |
Source of the age or age-model information. | Text |
Age model [ka] |
Age from the age model, expressed in thousands of years. | ka |
Age_Ma |
Age expressed in millions of years. | Ma |
Age error |
Uncertainty associated with the age estimate. | Ma |
Age (Ma) GTS2012 |
Age recalibrated or updated to the GTS2012 time scale. | Ma |
Comments |
Additional information about the updates | Text |
1.3 Recalculated_MgCa_SST.xlsx
Description
The workbook contains two worksheets:
- Data: Contains the original Mg/Ca measurements, sample metadata, and SST estimates recalculated using the calibration choices described in this study.
- Summary: Summarizes the Mg/Ca–SST calibration information used for the recalculations, including the original and this-study calibration references, measured and calibration species, calibration equations, seawater Mg/Ca values, and the power component (H) of the Mg/Catest–Mg/Casw calibration. See also Table S2 in the Supplementary Materials.
Sheet: Data
This spreadsheet contains recalculated sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, including sample metadata, stratigraphic information, Mg/Ca measurements, and SST estimates calculated using the methods described in the associated study.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Leg |
IODP/ODP drilling leg associated with the sample. | Integer/text |
Site |
IODP/ODP site number. | Integer |
Hole |
Hole designation within the drilling site. | Text |
Core |
Core identifier. | Text |
Type |
Core/sample type. | Categorical/text |
Section |
Section identifier within the core. | Text |
Top (cm) |
Upper position of the sample within the section. | cm |
Bottom (cm) |
Lower position of the sample within the section. | cm |
Depth (mbsf) |
Sample depth below seafloor. | mbsf |
Depth (mcd) |
Sample depth expressed on the meters composite depth scale. | mcd |
Age (Ma) |
Estimated geological age of the sample. | Ma |
Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) |
Measured or previously published magnesium-to-calcium ratio used for SST reconstruction. | mmol mol⁻¹ |
Species |
Foraminiferal species used for the Mg/Ca measurement. | Text |
Mg/Casw SL20 |
Seawater Mg/Ca value used in the corresponding SST calculation, following Sosdian and Lear (2020). | mmol mol⁻¹ |
SST (degC) |
Recalculated SST estimate using the primary Mg/Ca–SST calibration adopted in the study. | °C |
SST_BAYMAG 2.5th |
2.5th percentile of the SST probability distribution calculated using the BAYMAG approach. | °C |
SST_BAYMAG 50th |
Median (50th percentile) SST from the BAYMAG calculation. | °C |
SST_BAYMAG 97.5th |
97.5th percentile of the SST probability distribution calculated using BAYMAG. | °C |
SST (Gray and Evans, 2019) |
SST estimate calculated using the Mg/Ca–SST relationship of Gray and Evans (2019). | °C |
Sheet: Summary
This spreadsheet summarizes the Mg/Ca–SST calibration parameters and assumptions used in the recalculations. It includes information on the calibration references, measured and calibration species, calibration equations, seawater Mg/Ca values, and the power component (H) of the Mg/Catest–Mg/Casw calibration. The table also compares the calibration information from previous studies with that adopted in this study.
Missing values
Some cells in this file are blank. Blank cells indicate that the corresponding information was not available in the source data, was not reported for the sample, or was not applicable to that sample or calculation. A blank cell should therefore not be interpreted as zero.
In particular, some samples may have metadata or alternative SST estimates unavailable because the information required for that calculation was not available.
No additional numerical value was assigned to blank cells.
1.4 New_Data_GDGT_alkenone_bulk_isotope.xlsx
Description
This file contains newly generated marine sediment proxy data used in this study. The workbook includes three worksheets::
- GDGTs — GDGT biomarker measurements and derived temperature/screening parameters from Sites 1007, 1165, 643, 1123, 588, 806, 902, U1337, and U1352.
- alkenones — alkenone measurements and derived SST estimates from Site 643.
- bulk isotopes_1007 — bulk carbonate stable-isotope measurements from Site 1007.
The dataset includes sample metadata, GDGT measurements, alkenone measurements, stable-isotope measurements, calculated TEX86-related indices, and associated screening parameters.
Sheet: GDGTs
The GDGTs spreadsheet contains sample metadata, LC-MS analytical data, individual GDGT peak areas, calculated GDGT indices, TEX86-based temperature estimates, and screening parameters.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Leg |
ODP/IODP expedition or leg number. | Integer/text |
Site |
ODP/IODP site number. | Integer |
Hole |
ODP/IODP hole designation. | Text |
Core |
Core number. | Integer/text |
Core type |
Core type/designation. | Text |
Section |
Core section number. | Integer/text |
Top depth (cm) |
Top depth of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Bottom depth (cm) |
Bottom depth of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Depth (mbsf) |
Sample depth below seafloor. | mbsf |
Sample label |
Sample identifier. | Text |
Sample IODP |
IODP/ODP sample designation. | Text |
IGSN |
International Generic Sample Number. | Text |
Age (Ma) |
Age assigned to the sample. | Ma |
LCMS_ID |
LC-MS analytical identifier. | Text |
LCMS_ID2 |
Additional LC-MS analytical identifier. | Text |
g_sediment_extracted |
Mass of sediment extracted for GDGT analysis. | g |
ng_c46_added |
Amount of C46 internal standard added to the sample. | ng |
isoGDGT-0_area |
Peak area of isoGDGT-0. | Peak area |
isoGDGT-1_area |
Peak area of isoGDGT-1. | Peak area |
isoGDGT-2_area |
Peak area of isoGDGT-2. | Peak area |
isoGDGT-3_area |
Peak area of isoGDGT-3. | Peak area |
cren_area |
Peak area of crenarchaeol. | Peak area |
cren'_area |
Peak area of crenarchaeol isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIa_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIa. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIa'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIa isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIa_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIIa and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIb_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIb. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIb'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIb isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIb_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIIb and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIc_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIc. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIc'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIIc isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIIc_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIIc and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIa_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIa. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIa'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIa isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIa_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIa and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIb_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIb. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIb'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIb isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIb_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIb and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIc_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIc. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIc'_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-IIc isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-IIc_total |
Total peak area of brGDGT-IIc and its corresponding isomer. | Peak area |
brGDGT-Ia_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-Ia. | Peak area |
brGDGT-Ib_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-Ib. | Peak area |
brGDGT-Ic_area |
Peak area of brGDGT-Ic. | Peak area |
C46_standard_area |
Peak area of the C46 internal standard. | Peak area |
OH-1300(a) |
Peak area of OH-GDGT-0, a mono-hydroxylated GDGT with 0 cyclopentane rings (acyclic). | Peak area |
OH-1298(b) |
Peak area of OH-GDGT-1, a mono-hydroxylated GDGT with 1 cyclopentane ring. | Peak area |
OH-1298(d) |
Peak area of 2OH-GDGT-0, a di-hydroxylated GDGT with 0 cyclopentane rings (acyclic). | Peak area |
OH-1296(c) |
Peak area of OH-GDGT-2, a mono-hydroxylated GDGT with 2 cyclopentane rings. | Peak area |
TEX86 |
Tetraether index based on the relative abundances of selected isoprenoid GDGTs. | Dimensionless |
SSTEXP |
Sea-surface-temperature estimate calculated from TEX86 using the temperature calibration described in the study. | °C |
SubT_Kim2012 |
Subsurface temperature estimate calculated using the Kim et al. (2012) calibration. | °C |
SubT_Ho2016_100-250m |
Subsurface temperature estimate calculated using the Ho and Laepple (2016) calibration for the 100–250 m depth interval. | °C |
GDGT2:GDGT3 |
Ratio of GDGT-2 to GDGT-3. | Dimensionless |
GDGT2:cren |
Ratio of GDGT-2 to crenarchaeol. | Dimensionless |
GDGT0:cren |
Ratio of GDGT-0 to crenarchaeol. | Dimensionless |
Methzhang |
Methane index calculated following Zhang et al. | Dimensionless |
RING |
Ring Index calculated from the relative abundances of GDGTs. | Dimensionless |
RITEX |
Ring Index calculated from TEX86 using the reported quadratic regression relationship between Ring Index and TEX86. | Dimensionless |
CAPRI |
Difference between RITEX and RING. | Dimensionless |
BIT |
Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether index. | Dimensionless |
OUTLIER |
Screening flag based on the methane index and the GDGT-0/crenarchaeol ratio. | Categorical/flag |
TEX86 = tetraether index of 86-carbon compounds; GDGT = glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; isoGDGT = isoprenoid GDGT; brGDGT = branched GDGT; OH-GDGT = hydroxylated GDGT; LC-MS = liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; BIT = branched and isoprenoid tetraether index.
Sheet: alkenones
The alkenones spreadsheet contains alkenone measurements from Site 643 and corresponding SST estimates.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Leg |
ODP/IODP expedition or leg number. | Integer/text |
Site |
ODP/IODP site number. | Integer |
Hole |
ODP/IODP hole designation. | Text |
Core |
Core number. | Integer/text |
Core type |
Core type/designation. | Categorical/text |
Section |
Core section number. | Integer/text |
Top depth (cm) |
Top of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Bottom depth (cm) |
Bottom of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Depth (mbsf) |
Sample depth below the seafloor. | mbsf |
Sample label |
Sample identifier used in the study. | Text |
Sample IODP |
IODP/ODP sample designation. | Text |
IGSN |
International Generic Sample Number. | Text |
Age (Ma) |
Age assigned to the sample. | Ma |
Uk'37 |
Alkenone unsaturation index used as a paleotemperature proxy. | Dimensionless |
SST (Müller, 1998) |
Sea-surface-temperature estimate calculated from Uk'37 using the Müller et al. (1998) calibration. | °C |
Sheet: bulk isotopes_1007
The bulk isotopes_1007 spreadsheet contains bulk carbonate stable-isotope measurements from Site 1007.
| Variable | Description | Units / format |
|---|---|---|
Leg |
ODP/IODP expedition or leg number. | Integer/text |
Site |
ODP/IODP site number. | Integer |
Hole |
ODP/IODP hole designation. | Text |
Core |
Core number. | Integer/text |
Core type |
Core type/designation. | Categorical/text |
Section |
Core section number. | Integer/text |
Top depth (cm) |
Top of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Bottom depth (cm) |
Bottom of the sampled interval within the core section. | cm |
Depth (mbsf) |
Sample depth below the seafloor. | mbsf |
Sample label |
Sample identifier used in the study. | Text |
Sample IODP |
IODP/ODP sample designation. | Text |
IGSN |
International Generic Sample Number. | Text |
Age (Ma) |
Age assigned to the sample. | Ma |
bulk δ13C |
Bulk carbonate carbon-isotope composition. | ‰ (VPDB) |
bulk δ18O |
Bulk carbonate oxygen-isotope composition. | ‰ (VPDB) |
Stable-isotope notation: δ13C and δ18O are reported in per mil (‰) relative to the VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) standard, unless otherwise specified in the manuscript or analytical metadata.
Missing values
Blank cells occur in some columns in this file. A blank cell means that the corresponding measurement, calculated parameter, or metadata was not available or was not applicable for that sample.
For example, a compound-specific peak area may be blank when the compound was not detected or could not be reliably quantified, while a derived index or SST may be blank when the measurements required to calculate that parameter were unavailable or when the sample did not meet the applicable calculation/screening requirements.
Blank cells should not be interpreted as zero.
No value such as 0, n/a, or another numerical placeholder was intentionally used to represent missing data unless otherwise indicated in the corresponding spreadsheet.
2. NetCDF files
General description
The three NetCDF files contain annual-mean climatological output from the final 50 simulated years of three CCSM4 Miocene coupled simulations.
The files are ocean-model output and use the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) component of CCSM4. The filename component pop indicates the ocean-model output.
The simulations differ only in the specified ocean gateway configuration:
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_TETHYSdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
Annual-mean climatology from a Miocene simulation with a deepened Tethys Sea.
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_PSclosed_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
Annual-mean climatology from a Miocene simulation with a closed Panama Seaway.
B.MIO_400_C4f19g16_GSRdeep_conte_105.pop.ANN_climo.nc
Annual-mean climatology from a Miocene simulation with a deepened Greenland–Scotland Ridge.
NetCDF dimensions and coordinate variables
The NetCDF files use the native POP ocean-model grid. Variables are associated with the model's horizontal and vertical grid dimensions.
The coordinate/grid variables define the spatial location and vertical position of ocean-model grid cells. Latitude (TLAT) and longitude (TLONG) are represented using the POP grid rather than a regular latitude–longitude grid.
NetCDF variables
The NetCDF files contain ocean-model variables required to evaluate the ocean temperature and circulation changes presented in the study. Variable names, dimensions, and units are retained from the original CCSM4/POP model output.
Output variables include:
- potential temperature;
- velocity in grid-x and grid-y direction;
- mixed layer depth and maximum mixed layer depth;
- ocean depth at T points;
- horizontal grid coordinates;
- angle grid makes with latitude line.
The original variable names and metadata stored in the NetCDF files should be retained when the files are used for analysis.
3. Abbreviations and terminology
CCSM4 — Community Climate System Model version 4.
GDGT — Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether.
TEX86 — Tetraether index of 86-carbon archaeal membrane lipids, used as a paleotemperature proxy.
Mg/Ca — Magnesium-to-calcium ratio, commonly measured in foraminiferal calcite and used as a paleotemperature proxy.
SST — Sea surface temperature.
LC-MS — Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
IODP — International Ocean Discovery Program.
ODP — Ocean Drilling Program.
mbsf — Meters below seafloor.
mcd — Meters composite depth.
Ma — Millions of years before present.
GTS2012 — Geological Time Scale 2012.
BIT — Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether index.
RING — Ring Index.
RITEX — Ring Index applied as a TEX86 screening parameter.
CAPRI — A GDGT-based screening index used to evaluate the suitability of the GDGT signal for TEX86-based temperature reconstruction.
POP — Parallel Ocean Program, the ocean component/model grid used in CCSM4.
GSR — Greenland–Scotland Ridge.
4. Data processing and interpretation
The age-model files provide the chronological framework used to assign geological ages to samples. Updated age models for Sites 761, 806, 872, and 926 are calibrated to GTS2012.
The Mg/Ca SST file contains recalculated temperature estimates based on previously published Mg/Ca measurements. The GDGT/alkenone/bulk-isotope file contains newly generated proxy measurements and calculated indices used for paleotemperature reconstruction.
The NetCDF files contain model output used to investigate the effects of different Miocene ocean-gateway configurations on ocean temperature.
Users should refer to the associated publication and its Supplementary Materials for detailed descriptions of analytical methods, proxy calibrations, screening criteria, age-model construction, and climate-model experimental design.
5. File formats
The age-model and proxy datasets are provided as Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files. The model simulations are provided in Network Common Data Form (.nc, NetCDF) format.
The Excel files contain tabular data intended for analysis and reuse. Blank cells represent unavailable or non-applicable information as described above.
The NetCDF files retain the model metadata required to identify dimensions, variables, units, and missing-value conventions.
No formulas are required to interpret the reported data values. The reported proxy and SST values are provided as data products rather than as spreadsheet calculations that users must execute.