Data from: Land cover constrains range shifts in northern Iberian bird species under climate change scenarios
Data files
May 26, 2026 version files 3.59 GB
-
Aegolius_funereus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
185.76 MB
-
Anthus_spinoletta_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
110.65 MB
-
Anthus_trivialis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
122.97 MB
-
Carduelis_citrinella_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
15.73 MB
-
Certhia_familiaris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
139.80 MB
-
Circus_cyaneus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
134.46 MB
-
Corvus_frugilegus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
130.90 MB
-
Dendrocopos_leucotos_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
131.76 MB
-
Dendrocoptes_medius_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
56.89 MB
-
Dryocopus_martius_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
133.75 MB
-
Emberiza_citrinella_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
112.78 MB
-
Emberiza_hortulana_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
101.41 MB
-
Gallinago_gallinago_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
133.31 MB
-
Lagopus_muta_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
181.39 MB
-
Lanius_collurio_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
107.56 MB
-
Locustella_naevia_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
107.09 MB
-
Luscinia_svecica_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
159.91 MB
-
Montifringilla_nivalis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
84.83 MB
-
Perdix_perdix_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
106.44 MB
-
Poecile_palustris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
84.01 MB
-
Prunella_collaris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
126.47 MB
-
Prunella_modularis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
93.93 MB
-
Pyrrhocorax_graculus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
82.25 MB
-
Pyrrhula_pyrrhula_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
131.02 MB
-
README.md
10.19 KB
-
Regulus_regulus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
128.75 MB
-
Saxicola_rubetra_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
74.33 MB
-
Scolopax_rusticola_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
131.90 MB
-
Sylvia_borin_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
96.74 MB
-
Tetrao_urogallus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
82.36 MB
-
Tichodroma_muraria_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
85.61 MB
-
Turdus_philomelos_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
116.42 MB
-
Turdus_torquatus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
95.36 MB
Abstract
Climate and land cover changes are considered some of the most important drivers of the current biodiversity crisis. The assessment of their combined impacts is starting to attract greater attention. In this study, we assess the role of land cover changes in constraining species range shifts under climate change scenarios in the Iberian Peninsula. We assessed the relative contribution of climate and land cover on the current distribution of 32 northern Iberian bird species using ecological niche models and deviance partitioning. We also assessed how different scenarios of climate change may affect species distributions, with or without changes in land cover. In addition to the independent effect of climate, the current distribution of northern Iberian birds was also shaped by the joint effects that can be indistinguishably attributed to climate or land cover (42% of the explained variations). When changes in climate and land cover were decoupled, by allowing only one of them to change concerning current conditions, there was evidence of an effect of land cover on climate-driven predictions: predicted range size shifts were significantly lower when climate changes were not accompanied by changes in land cover. This highlights the importance of incorporating land cover management alongside climate adaptation strategies in conservation planning.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dv41ns26c
Description of the data and file structure
We compiled global species occurrence data for model training from the ‘eBird Observation Dataset’ in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org, 2017); http://www.gbif.org, see table S1 from the related primary publication for a complete list of GBIF occurrence downloads, and selected data on the native breeding range according to BirdLife International & NatureServe (2014) range maps. We aggregated occurrence data at 5 arc-minute resolution. We removed from the analyses samples with reported geographical issues or known location uncertainty above 5 km.
As descriptors of climatic variability, we considered four variables known to affect bird distributions: maximum temperature of the warmest month (Tmax), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Tmin), annual precipitation (Pan), and precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation of monthly values, Pcv). The climatic data were derived from monthly precipitation and temperature data from WORLDCLIM 2 (Fick & Hijmans, 2017) at 5 arc-minute resolution (~70 km2 in the study area). To describe land cover variability, we compiled information on the percentage of different land cover categories at 0.05º spatial resolution available from Chen et al. (2020). We considered six land cover variables based on Chen et al., (2020): needleleaf evergreen forests (including all subcategories), broadleaf deciduous forests (including all subcategories), grasslands (including “C3 Arctic”, “C3 Grass” and “C4 Grass” categories), shrubs (including “broadleaf evergreen shrub” and “broadleaf deciduous shrub” and their subcategories), crops (including “corn”, “wheat”, “soybean”, “cotton”, “rice”, “sugar crop”, “other crop”, “bioenergy crop” and all their subcategories) and urban habitats. Land use variables were resampled to a 5-arcmin spatial resolution (to match the occurrence data) using the “bilinear” method with the package ‘raster’ in R software.
References:
GBIF.org. (2017). GBIF Home Page.
Chen, M., Vernon, C. R., Graham, N. T., Hejazi, M., Huang, M., Cheng, Y., & Calvin, K. (2020). Global land use for 2015–2100 at 0.05° resolution under diverse socioeconomic and climate scenarios. Scientific Data, 7(1), 320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00669-x
Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Files
File: Anthus_spinoletta_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Anthus spinoletta.
File: Carduelis_citrinella_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Carduelis citrinella.
File: Aegolius_funereus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Aegolius funereus.
File: Anthus_trivialis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Anthus trivialis.
File: Dendrocoptes_medius_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Dendrocoptes medius.
File: Certhia_familiaris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Certhia familiaris.
File: Circus_cyaneus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Circus cyaneus.
File: Corvus_frugilegus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Corvus frugilegus.
File: Emberiza_citrinella_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Emberiza citrinella.
File: Dendrocopos_leucotos_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Dendrocopos leucotos.
File: Emberiza_hortulana_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Emberiza hortulana.
File: Dryocopus_martius_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Dryocopus martius.
File: Gallinago_gallinago_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Gallinago gallinago.
File: Lanius_collurio_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Lanius collurio.
File: Locustella_naevia_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Locustella naevia.
File: Lagopus_muta_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Lagopus muta.
File: Montifringilla_nivalis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Montifringilla nivalis.
File: Perdix_perdix_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Perdix perdix.
File: Poecile_palustris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Poecile palustris.
File: Luscinia_svecica_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Luscinia svecica.
File: Pyrrhocorax_graculus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Pyrrhocorax graculus.
File: Prunella_collaris_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Prunella collaris.
File: Prunella_modularis_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Prunella modularis.
File: Pyrrhula_pyrrhula_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
File: Saxicola_rubetra_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Saxicola rubetra.
File: Regulus_regulus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Regulus regulus.
File: Scolopax_rusticola_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Scolopax rusticola.
File: Tetrao_urogallus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Tetrao urogallus.
File: Tichodroma_muraria_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Tichodroma muraria.
File: Sylvia_borin_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Sylvia borin.
File: Turdus_philomelos_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Turdus philomelos.
File: Turdus_torquatus_pres_and_backg_with_vars.txt
Description: Presence records and background data used for modeling the species Turdus torquatus.
Variables
The variables are the same across different files
- x: geographic longitude in WGS84 coordinate system
- y: geographic latitude in the WGS84 coordinate system
- pres: categorical variable indicating presence (1) and pseudo-absence (NA)
- selection: categorical variable indicating records used in the analysis (selected = 1, not selected = 0)
- tmin: minimum temperature of the coldest month
- tmax: maximum temperature of the warmest month
- prec: annual precipitation
- precsd: precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation of monthly values)
- ne: percentage of needleleaf evergreen forests
- bd: percentage of broadleaf deciduous forests
- gr: percenatge of grasslands
- sh: percentage of shrubs
- cr: percentage of crops
- ur: percentage of urban habitats
- bias: sampling bias variable
Software files hosted by Zenodo
File: Calculate_area_simplified_5pct_threshold_Iberia.R
Description: Code used to calculate potentially suitable area for 32 species in Iberia with a current northern distribution based on binary predictions derived from environmental niche models (ENMs) considering only climate or both climate and land cover.
File: Deviance_partitioning.R
Description: Code for deviance partitioning analyses used to separate the relative contribution of climate and land cover on ENMs.
File: Model_validation.R
Description: Code used to validate ENMs at a global scale and in Iberia.
File: Modelling_biomod_CLIMHAB.R
Description: Code used to conduct ENMs based on global distributions of 32 bird species with a northern distribution in Iberia and to generate predictions under different future scenarios.
File: Spatial_analyses_range_shifts.R
Description: Code to compare the spatial distribution of ENM predictions considering only climate variables or both climate and land use.