Microgeographic diversity does not drive macroevolutionary divergence in bite force of the Ibiza wall lizard, Podarcis pityusensis
Data files
Jul 16, 2025 version files 176.96 KB
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Podarcis_pityusensis_bite_force_RScript.R
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README.md
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_1.csv
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_2.csv
26.65 KB
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_3.csv
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_4.csv
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_5.csv
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Supplementary_Data_Sheet_6.csv
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Abstract
We investigate evolutionary scaling in form-function-environment relationships of Podarcis pityusensis, the Ibiza wall lizard. A total of 307 lizards from 11 populations were surveyed for bite force and morphology in September/October 2022 and May 2023. These measurements were analysed with ecological data including diet, physical environment, population density, and levels of aggression for each location to investigate evolutionary drivers of form and function in this species. Analysis was done across five levels of evolutionary isolation to investigate whether microgeographic variation in this species contributes towards phenotypic divergence on more macroevolutionary scales. We find general incongruence in form-function-environment relationships across scales investigated, with a lack of phenotypic divergence at the largest scale obscuring high microgeographic variation. Further, the specific environmental drivers of phenotype vary on the level of isolation investigated and on sex, with female phenotypes apparently more strongly shaped by natural selection and male phenotypes most strongly shaped by a combination of natural and sexual selection.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkt8
Description of the data and file structure
Phenotypic measurements and ecological data for 11 populations of the Ibiza wall lizard, Podarcis pityusensis. Data is used to analyse form-function-environment relationships across scales of evolutionary isolation.
Files and variables
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_1.csv
Description: Study sites with corresponding sample sizes, clade classification and ecological metrics.
Variables
- Location: Name of the location in the Pityusic islands at which measurements were taken. Non-accented characters are used to ease use of files in R.
- Female_sample_size: Number of females sampled for phenotypic measurement.
- Male_sample_size: Number of males sampled for phenotypic measurement.
- Islet: Specifying whether the location is on a small islet or a main island (Ibiza and Formentera)
- Clade: Classification according to clade as specified in Rodríguez et al., (2013)
- Percent_plant: Percentage plant food in the diet, measured using scats collected from each location, measured according to methods outlined in Pérez-Cembranos, León and Pérez-Mellado (2016).
- Percent_hard: Percentage of the diet classified as 'hard' measured using scats collected from each location. Types of prey measured according to methods outlined in Pérez-Cembranos, León and Pérez-Mellado (2016), see Supplementary Data Sheet 5, then assigned 'hard' or 'soft' as described in Supplementary Data Sheet 6.
- Percent_cannibalistic: Percentage Podarcis in the diet, measured using scats collected from each location. Types of prey measured according to methods outlined in Pérez-Cembranos, León and Pérez-Mellado (2016), see Supplementary Data Sheet 5.
- Dietary_diversity: Hill q=2 value
- Female_amputation_rate: proportion
- Male_amputation_rate: proportion
- Female_tail_autotomisation_rate: proportion
- Male_tail_autotomisation_rate: proportion
- Overall_amputation_rate: proportion, both sexes
- Overall_tail_autotomisation_rate: proportion, both sexes
- Population_density: measured as described in the text, see Supplementary Data Sheet 4 for further information.
- Log_population_density: Log transformed values of population density
- Islet_area_ha: in hectares, gained as described in the text
- Islet_max_altitude_m: in metres, gained as described in the text
- Biotic_index: calculated as described in the text, according to methods described in (Cheylan, 1992; Parlanti et al., 1988).
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_2.csv
Description: Phenotypic measurements of each individual taken in the field.
Variables
- CLADE: Classification according to clade as specified in Rodríguez et al., (2013)
- LOCATION: Name of the location in the Pityusic islands at which measurements were taken. Non-accented characters are used to ease use of files in R.
- Lighthouse: Listed for Bleda Plana and Conillera, describing whether the population was from the lighthouse or the shoreline. All other locations listed as NA.
- LIZARD: Lizard number in the field
- SEX: Male (M) or female (F)
- GAPE_ANGLE: Estimation of gape angle made as described in the text
- MAX: Bite force, in Newtons
- TAIL: Whether the tail had been autotomised (indicated by 'Dropped') or was intact (indicated by 'Intact').
- WEIGHT: in grams
- SVL: Snout-Vent-Length, in mm
- PL: Pileus length, in mm
- PW: Pileus width, in mm
- HH: Head height, in mm
- MOUTH: Mouth width, in mm
- AMPUTATION: Whether digits or phalanges were missing (indicated by 'Yes') or intact (indicated by 'No).
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_3.csv
Description: Further data on the bite force trials performed by all lizards. Each lizard performed three bite force trials.
Variables
- DATE: in DD.MM.YYYY format
- CLADE: Classification according to clade as specified in Rodríguez et al., (2013)
- LOCATION: Name of the location in the Pityusic islands at which measurements were taken. Non-accented characters are used to ease use of files in R.
- Lighthouse: Listed for Bleda Plana and Conillera, describing whether the population was from the lighthouse or the shoreline. All other locations listed as NA.
- LIZARD: Lizard number in the field
- SEX: Male (M) or female (F)
- BITE_1: Bite force in Newtons of the first bite trial
- BITE_2: Bite force in Newtons of the second bite trial
- BITE_3: Bite force in Newtons of the third bite trial
- AVERAGE: Average bite force in Newtons across all three trials
- MAX: Maximum bite force in Newtons across all three trials
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_4.csv
Description: Data used to calculate population density at each location, including precise location information and the year of measurement.
Variables
- locality: Name of the location in the Pityusic islands at which measurements were taken. Non-accented characters are used to ease use of files in R.
- zone: Specific location information
- year
- month
- contacts: Number of lizards detected during the transect
- length: Length of transect, in metres
- density: Population density, calculated as described in the text
- SE: Standard error
- AIC: Akaike Information Criterion
- g(x): Detectability value
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_5.csv
Description: All diet data used for each population, with corresponding year and month. Each row represents one fece.
Variables
- month: Month that the fece was collected
- year: Year that the fece was collected
- locality: Location where the fece was collected. Non-accented characters are used to ease use of files in R.
- % plant matter: Percentage plant matter in the scat, measured according to methods outlined in Pérez-Cembranos, León and Pérez-Mellado (2016).
- All other columns: Prey grouping, as specified by column header. Number of each type of prey listed, measured according to methods outlined in Pérez-Cembranos, León and Pérez-Mellado (2016).
File: Supplementary_Data_Sheet_6.csv
Description: Information on the classification of food into 'hard' and 'soft', listing the reference the classification was gained from. Food items missing an entry in the 'reference' column were classified according to our own knowledge.
File: Podarcis_pityusensis_bite_force_RScript.R
Description: R script used for the analysis.
Code/software
An R script is provided which corresponds to the 'data analysis' section of the manuscript. Analysis was performed on R version 4.3.2 (2023-10-31 ucrt) -- "Eye Holes" Copyright (C) 2023 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R packages used are as follows: ggplot2, stats, car, hillR, simboot, MASS, jmv, Matrix, remotes, RRPP.
Other data is in .csv format.
Access information
This Dryad dataset refers to methods described in the following sources:
- Cheylan , M.(1992). Synthèse biogéographique. In M. Delaugerre & M. Cheylan (Eds.), Atlasde répartition des batraciens et rep- tiles de corse (pp. 105–120).Montpellier, Parc Naturel Régional de Corse/École Pratique des Hautes Études.
- Parlanti , C., Lanza, B., Poggesi, M., & Sbordoni, V. (1988). Anfibi e rettili delle isole del Mediterraneo: Un testdellípotesi dell’equilibrio insulare. Bulletin of Ecology , 19:335–348.
- Pérez-Cembranos , A., León, A., & Pérez-Mellado, V. (2016). Omnivory of an insular lizard: Sources of variation in the diet of Podarcis lilfordi (Squamata, Lacertidae). PLoS ONE , 11 , e0148947. https: // doi.org/ 10.1371/ journal.pone.0148947
This Dryad dataset includes data derived from the following sources:
- Vanhooydonck, B., Herrel, A., Van Damme, R., Reilly, S.M., McBrayer, L.D., Miles, D.B., 2007. Interactions between habitat use, behavior, and the trophic niche of lacertid lizards. Lizard ecology: the evolutionary consequences of foraging mode 427–449.
- Donihue, C.M., 2016. Aegean wall lizards switch foraging modes, diet, and morphology in a human-built environment. Ecology and Evolution 6, 7433–7442.
- Lluch i Dubon, 1997. Geografia de les Illes Balears. Lleonard Muntaner Editor.
- Rodríguez, V., Brown, R.P., Terrasa, B., Pérez‐Mellado, V., Castro, J.A., Picornell, A., Ramon, M.M., 2013. Multilocus genetic diversity and historical biogeography of the endemic wall lizard from Ibiza and Formentera, *Podarcis pityusensis * (Squamata: Lacertidae). Molecular Ecology 22, 4829–4841. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12443