Data from: Molecular adaptations and sex-biased regulatory pathways in multi-year diapause of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi: A duration-resolved transcriptomic analysis
Data files
Oct 15, 2026 version files 26.91 MB
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FIGURE_1_identified_unigenes_based_on_the_selected_databased.xlsx
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FIGURE_2-A_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(GO).xlsx
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FIGURE_2-B_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(KOG).xlsx
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FIGURE_2-C_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(KEGG).xlsx
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FIGURE_3-A_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(A_VS_C).xlsx
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FIGURE_3-B_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(A_VS_E).xlsx
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FIGURE_3-C_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(B_VS_D).xlsx
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FIGURE_3-D_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(B_VS_F).xlsx
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FIGURE_5-A.xlsx
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FIGURE_5-B.xlsx
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FIGURE_5-C.xlsx
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FIGURE_5-D.xlsx
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README.md
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Abstract
The cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi, a major pest of cruciferous crops, exhibits an exceptional capacity for prolonged adult diapause—extending up to several years. To elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this extended dormancy and its sex-specific regulatory patterns, we performed a time-resolved, sex-stratified transcriptomic analysis. Adult males and females were sampled after 0.5, 1, and 2 years of diapause and subjected to high-throughput RNA sequencing. De novo assembly yielded a high-quality reference transcriptome comprising 66,379 unigenes. Comparative transcriptomic profiling revealed a conserved adaptive strategy during prolonged diapause: coordinated suppression of energy-intensive metabolic processes coupled with enhanced activation of cellular protection pathways—including antioxidant defense, xenobiotic detoxification, and protein homeostasis mechanisms. Striking sexual dimorphism was observed: females maintained greater transcriptional stability across diapause durations, with preferential preservation of reproductive competence and longevity-associated functions; in contrast, males displayed more pronounced transcriptional plasticity, particularly in signaling cascades and physiological homeostasis networks. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified sustained activation of glutathione metabolism, autophagy, and lysosomal degradation pathways throughout diapause; notably, extended diapause (2 years) was specifically associated with significant enrichment of immune response and lipid metabolism pathways. Temporal dynamics in gene expression underscore that diapause is not a static quiescent state but a highly regulated, multi-stage process involving stage-specific transcriptional reconfiguration. This study establishes the first multi-temporal, sex-resolved transcriptomic resource for C. bowringi and advances mechanistic understanding of long-term insect diapause—thereby informing the development of targeted, environmentally sustainable pest management strategies.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j6q573nvn
Description of the data and file structure
This dataset supports the transcriptomic analysis of prolonged adult diapause in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi, focusing on sex-specific and time-dependent gene expression patterns. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on whole-body samples of adult males and females that had undergone diapause for approximately 0.5, 1, and 2 years under semi-natural conditions. Each experimental group consisted of three independent biological replicates.
A total of 18 cDNA libraries were constructed and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform using a paired-end 150 bp strategy. High-quality clean reads were assembled de novo using Trinity, resulting in 66,379 unigenes. Functional annotations were obtained by searching against public databases, including NR, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, GO, KEGG, COG, KOG, and eggNOG.
The data presented here correspond to the following figures in the associated manuscript:
- Figure 1: Number of unigenes annotated in each database.
- Figure 2: Functional classification of unigenes based on GO, KOG, and KEGG analyses.
- Figure 3: Volcano plots showing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across diapause durations and sexes.
- Figure 5: KEGG pathway enrichment scatter plots for DEGs under extended diapause conditions.
These datasets provide a foundational resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prolonged dormancy and sex-biased regulatory strategies in insects.
Files and variables
File: FIGURE_1_identified_unigenes_based_on_the_selected_databased.xlsx
Description: The data presented here represent the complete annotation output, from which the summary statistics in Figure 1 (number of unigenes annotated per database) were derived.
Variables
- #GeneID: Unique transcript identifier assigned by Trinity assembly (e.g., TRINITY_DN830_c0_g1).
- COG_class: Clusters of Orthologous Groups category code (single letter; e.g., [O] for Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones). "--" indicates no COG annotation.
- COG_class_annotation: Full description of the COG functional category.
- GO_annotation: Gene Ontology terms assigned to the unigene, including the ontology domain (Biological Process, Molecular Function, Cellular Component) and GO identifier. Multiple terms are separated by double semicolons (;;).
- KEGG_annotation: KEGG Orthology (KO) identifier and description, formatted as "Kxxxxx description" (e.g., "K07377 neurexin").
- KOG_class: Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups category code (single letter).
- KOG_class_annotation: Full description of the KOG functional category.
- Pfam_annotation: Protein family domain names identified by HMMER searches against the Pfam database.
- Swissprot_annotation: Protein description and species information from the Swiss-Prot database, where available.
- TrEMBL_annotation: Protein description and species information from the TrEMBL database, where available.
- eggNOG_class: eggNOG orthology group category code (single letter).
- eggNOG_class_annotation: Full description of the eggNOG functional category.
- nr_annotation: Top BLAST hit description from the NCBI Non-Redundant protein database, including species information and isoform details where applicable.
File: FIGURE_2-A_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(GO).xlsx
Description: This file contains the Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation results for the Colaphellus bowringi unigenes obtained from a de novo assembled transcriptome. A total of 19,158 unigenes were assigned to GO terms across the three main categories: cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. Each row represents a specific GO term within one of these categories, along with the number of unigenes annotated to that term. The dataset supports the functional characterization of genes involved in prolonged diapause and provides a foundation for downstream enrichment analyses presented in the associated manuscript (Figure 2A).
Variables
- GO_classify1: The top-level GO category, indicating the ontological domain of the term. Possible values:
cellular componentmolecular functionbiological process
- GO_classify2: The specific Gene Ontology term name (e.g., "intracellular", "catalytic activity", "metabolic process") describing the biological role, molecular activity, or cellular location associated with the unigenes.
- Colaphellus bowringi.Unigene: The number of unigenes annotated to the corresponding GO term. The total number of annotated unigenes (19,158) is provided in the metadata row (indicated by
#Total_genein the first column).
File: FIGURE_2-B_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(KOG).xlsx
Description: This file contains the Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) functional classification results for the Colaphellus bowringi unigenes obtained from a de novo assembled transcriptome. A total of 66,379 unigenes were annotated against the KOG database, and 19,158 of them were assigned to specific functional categories. Each row corresponds to one KOG functional category, listing the category code, its description, and the number of unigenes classified under that category. These data support the functional characterization of genes involved in prolonged diapause and are presented in Figure 2B of the associated manuscript.
Variables
- ID: The one‑letter KOG category code (e.g., J, A, K) representing a broad functional class as defined in the KOG database.
- Class_Name: The full descriptive name of the KOG functional category (e.g., “Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis”).
- Numbers: The number of unigenes assigned to the corresponding KOG functional category. This count reflects the distribution of annotated genes across different functional classes.
File: FIGURE_2-C_Functional_annotation_results_of_identified_unigenes_(KEGG).xlsx
Description: This file contains the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation results for the Colaphellus bowringi unigenes obtained from a de novo assembled transcriptome. A total of 66,379 unigenes were annotated against the KEGG database, and the distribution across KEGG functional categories is presented. The data are organized in a hierarchical structure, with each row representing either a top‑level KEGG category, a subcategory, or an individual pathway. Gene counts (total unigenes and K number counts) are provided for each level. These data support the functional characterization of genes involved in prolonged diapause and are presented in Figure 2C of the associated manuscript.
Variables
- KEGG_Category: The top‑level KEGG functional classification (e.g., “Cellular Processes”, “Metabolism”). This column is populated only for rows corresponding to top‑level categories.
- Category_Gene_Count: The total number of unigenes annotated within the top‑level KEGG category, followed in parentheses by the number of unique K numbers assigned (e.g., “1084 (458)”). This column is populated only for top‑level category rows.
- Subcategory: The secondary KEGG functional classification (e.g., “Cell growth and death”, “Signal transduction”). This column is populated only for subcategory rows.
- Pathway_Info: The name of an individual KEGG pathway, together with the number of unigenes annotated to that pathway and, in parentheses, the number of corresponding K numbers (e.g., “Apoptosis 12 (9)”). This column is populated only for pathway‑level rows.
File: FIGURE_3-A_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(A_VS_C).xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the complete gene expression profiling results underlying Figure 3A of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: A Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 1 year of diapause (Group C) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group A).
Variables
- #ID: Unique transcript identifier assigned by Trinity assembly (e.g., TRINITY_DN10002_c0_g1).
- A-2_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A-1_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group A.
- C-2_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 2 (1‑year diapause group).
- C-1_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 1 (1‑year diapause group).
- C_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate ? (1‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group C.
- A-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group).
- C-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 2 (1‑year diapause group).
- C-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 1 (1‑year diapause group).
- C_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate ? (1‑year diapause group).
- FDR: False discovery rate‑adjusted p‑value (Benjamini–Hochberg correction) from DESeq2 analysis.
- log2FC: Log₂-transformed fold change (Group C / Group A). Positive values indicate upregulation in 1‑year diapause; negative values indicate downregulation.
- regulated: Classification of differential expression status: "up" (log₂FC ≥ 1, FDR < 0.01), "down" (log₂FC ≤ -1, FDR < 0.01), or "normal" (not significantly differentially expressed).
File: FIGURE_3-B_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(A_VS_E).xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the complete gene expression profiling results underlying Figure 3B of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: B Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 1 year of diapause (Group E) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group A).
Variables
- #ID: Unique transcript identifier assigned by Trinity assembly (e.g., TRINITY_DN10002_c0_g1).
- A-2_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A-1_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group A.
- E-2_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 2 (2‑year diapause group).
- E-1_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate 1 (2‑year diapause group).
- E_Count: Raw read count for female biological replicate ? (2‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group C.
- A-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- A_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group).
- E-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 2 (1‑year diapause group).
- E-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate 1 (2‑year diapause group).
- E_FPKM: FPKM expression value for female biological replicate ? (2‑year diapause group).
- FDR: False discovery rate‑adjusted p‑value (Benjamini–Hochberg correction) from DESeq2 analysis.
- log2FC: Log₂-transformed fold change (Group E / Group A). Positive values indicate upregulation in 12year diapause; negative values indicate downregulation.
- regulated: Classification of differential expression status: "up" (log₂FC ≥ 1, FDR < 0.01), "down" (log₂FC ≤ -1, FDR < 0.01), or "normal" (not significantly differentially expressed).
File: FIGURE_3-C_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(B_VS_D).xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the complete gene expression profiling results underlying Figure 3C of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: C Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 1 year of diapause (Group D) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group B).
Variables
- #ID: Unique transcript identifier assigned by Trinity assembly (e.g., TRINITY_DN10002_c0_g1).
- B-2_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B-1_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group A.
- D-2_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 2 (1‑year diapause group).
- D-1_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 1 (1‑year diapause group).
- D_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate ? (1‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group D.
- B-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group).
- D-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 2 (1‑year diapause group).
- D-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 1 (1‑year diapause group).
- D_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate ? (1‑year diapause group).
- FDR: False discovery rate‑adjusted p‑value (Benjamini–Hochberg correction) from DESeq2 analysis.
- log2FC: Log₂-transformed fold change (Group D / Group AB). Positive values indicate upregulation in 1‑year diapause; negative values indicate downregulation.
- regulated: Classification of differential expression status: "up" (log₂FC ≥ 1, FDR < 0.01), "down" (log₂FC ≤ -1, FDR < 0.01), or "normal" (not significantly differentially expressed).
File: FIGURE_3-D_Volcano_plots_depicting_differentially_expressed_genes_associated_with_diapause_duration_across_sexes_(B_VS_F).xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the complete gene expression profiling results underlying Figure 3D of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: D Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 1 year of diapause (Group F) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group B).
Variables
- #ID: Unique transcript identifier assigned by Trinity assembly (e.g., TRINITY_DN10002_c0_g1).
- B-2_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B-1_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group A.
- F-2_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 2 (2‑year diapause group).
- F-1_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate 1 (2‑year diapause group).
- F_Count: Raw read count for male biological replicate ? (2‑year diapause group). Note: Column header indicates third replicate for Group F.
- B-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 2 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 1 (0.5‑year diapause group).
- B_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate ? (0.5‑year diapause group).
- F-2_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 2 (2‑year diapause group).
- F-1_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate 1 (2‑year diapause group).
- F_FPKM: FPKM expression value for male biological replicate ? (2‑year diapause group).
- FDR: False discovery rate‑adjusted p‑value (Benjamini–Hochberg correction) from DESeq2 analysis.
- log2FC: Log₂-transformed fold change (Group F / Group AB). Positive values indicate upregulation in 2‑year diapause; negative values indicate downregulation.
- regulated: Classification of differential expression status: "up" (log₂FC ≥ 1, FDR < 0.01), "down" (log₂FC ≤ -1, FDR < 0.01), or "normal" (not significantly differentially expressed).
File: FIGURE_5-A.xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the raw KEGG pathway enrichment results underlying Figure 5A of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: A Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 1 year of diapause (Group C) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group A).
Variables
- #Pathway: Full name of the KEGG pathway.
- ko_ID: KEGG Orthology identifier of the pathway (e.g., ko04142 for Lysosome).
- DEgene: Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this comparison that are annotated to the pathway.
- gene: Total number of genes in the C. bowringi reference transcriptome that are annotated to this pathway.
- DEgene_all: Total number of DEGs in this comparison that were used for KEGG enrichment analysis (background set).
- gene_all: Total number of genes in the reference transcriptome with at least one KEGG annotation.
- Gene_id: Semicolon‑separated list of Trinity transcript identifiers for the DEGs belonging to this pathway.
- KOs: Semicolon‑separated list of KEGG Orthology numbers corresponding to the DEGs in this pathway.
File: FIGURE_5-B.xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the raw KEGG pathway enrichment results underlying Figure 5B of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: B Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between female adults after 2 year of diapause (Group E) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group A).
Variables
- #Pathway: Full name of the KEGG pathway.
- ko_ID: KEGG Orthology identifier of the pathway (e.g., ko04142 for Lysosome).
- DEgene: Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this comparison that are annotated to the pathway.
- gene: Total number of genes in the C. bowringi reference transcriptome that are annotated to this pathway.
- DEgene_all: Total number of DEGs in this comparison that were used for KEGG enrichment analysis (background set).
- gene_all: Total number of genes in the reference transcriptome with at least one KEGG annotation.
- Gene_id: Semicolon‑separated list of Trinity transcript identifiers for the DEGs belonging to this pathway.
- KOs: Semicolon‑separated list of KEGG Orthology numbers corresponding to the DEGs in this pathway.
File: FIGURE_5-C.xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the raw KEGG pathway enrichment results underlying Figure 5C of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: C Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between male adults after 1 year of diapause (Group D) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group B).
Variables
- #Pathway: Full name of the KEGG pathway.
- ko_ID: KEGG Orthology identifier of the pathway (e.g., ko04142 for Lysosome).
- DEgene: Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this comparison that are annotated to the pathway.
- gene: Total number of genes in the C. bowringi reference transcriptome that are annotated to this pathway.
- DEgene_all: Total number of DEGs in this comparison that were used for KEGG enrichment analysis (background set).
- gene_all: Total number of genes in the reference transcriptome with at least one KEGG annotation.
- Gene_id: Semicolon‑separated list of Trinity transcript identifiers for the DEGs belonging to this pathway.
- KOs: Semicolon‑separated list of KEGG Orthology numbers corresponding to the DEGs in this pathway.
File: FIGURE_5-D.xlsx
Description: This dataset contains the raw KEGG pathway enrichment results underlying Figure 5D of the manuscript "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prolonged Diapause in Colaphellus bowringi: D Transcriptomic Analysis of Extended Dormancy and Sex-Biased Regulatory Pathways". The data correspond to the comparison between male adults after 1 year of diapause (Group F) and the 0.5‑year diapause control group (Group B).
Variables
- #Pathway: Full name of the KEGG pathway.
- ko_ID: KEGG Orthology identifier of the pathway (e.g., ko04142 for Lysosome).
- DEgene: Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this comparison that are annotated to the pathway.
- gene: Total number of genes in the C. bowringi reference transcriptome that are annotated to this pathway.
- DEgene_all: Total number of DEGs in this comparison that were used for KEGG enrichment analysis (background set).
- gene_all: Total number of genes in the reference transcriptome with at least one KEGG annotation.
- Gene_id: Semicolon‑separated list of Trinity transcript identifiers for the DEGs belonging to this pathway.
- KOs: Semicolon‑separated list of KEGG Orthology numbers corresponding to the DEGs in this pathway.
Code/software
Code/software
The data files provided in this submission are formatted as Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) spreadsheets. No custom scripts or specialized software are required to view or access the data contained in these files.
Software required to view the data:
- Microsoft Excel (version 2010 or later) – capable of opening .xlsx files
- Alternative free/open-source spreadsheet software that supports the .xlsx format, including:
- LibreOffice Calc (version 6.0 or later)
- Apache OpenOffice Calc (version 4.0 or later)
- Google Sheets (accessible via web browser)
Software used for data processing and analysis:
The following software and tools were used in the generation, processing, and analysis of the raw sequencing data that underlies the summary files presented in this submission:
- Trinity (v20131110) – for de novo transcriptome assembly
- DIAMOND (v0.8.22) – for sequence homology searches against public databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, KOG)
- HMMER (v3.1) – for protein domain identification (Pfam)
- Bowtie2 (v2.2.5) – for read alignment to the reference transcriptome
- RSEM (v1.2.15) – for gene expression quantification (FPKM calculation)
- DESeq2 (v1.20.0) – for differential expression analysis (within R environment)
- R (v3.4.1) – statistical computing environment, including packages:
- clusterProfiler (v3.8.1) – for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses
- ggplot2 (v3.2.0) – for data visualization
- Python (v2.7) – for various data processing and formatting tasks
Access information
Other publicly accessible locations of the data:
-
The raw sequencing reads supporting this study have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject ID: PRJNA1422977. The data are publicly accessible at:
Data was derived from the following sources:
- The functional annotation data presented in this submission (Figures 1 and 2) were derived from the de novo transcriptome assembly of the raw sequencing reads described above. No external databases or third-party sources were used as the primary source for the assembled or annotated data provided in these Excel files.