Data from: Immune suppression and metabolic reprogramming in Bactrocera dorsalis parasitized by Fopius arisanus
Data files
Apr 28, 2026 version files 335.86 KB
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README.md
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Supplementary_table_2.xlsx
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Supplementary_table1.xlsx
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Supplementary_Table3.xlsx
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Supplementary_table4.xlsx
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Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis is a major horticultural pest. Biocontrol using parasitoids, such as Fopius arisanus, is a sustainable tool for managing this pest. However, the mechanisms enabling the successful parasitism of B. dorsalis are poorly understood. Using transcriptomic profiling, cellular bioassays, and targeted metabolite analyses, we investigated how F. arisanus modulates the immunity and metabolic activity of B. dorsalis to achieve a high parasitism rate. Our results revealed a weak and late encapsulation response of B. dorsalis towards F. arisanus. Additionally, parasitism reduced the number of circulating hemocytes, lowered constitutive granulocyte counts, and inhibited phenoloxidase activity in B. dorsalis suggesting active suppression of the host immune responses. Genes linked to cytoskeletal dynamics, stress response, and transcription were downregulated, also indicating that F. arisanus actively suppresses B. dorsalis immunity. Furthermore, parasitism reduced systemic triglyceride content but increased hemolymph triglyceride levels in B. dorsalis larvae, indicating that this parasitoid reprograms the metabolic profile of its host for its own development. This was supported by the differential upregulation of genes involved in glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Overall, our findings suggest that immune suppression and metabolic reprogramming play a role in the successful parasitism of B. dorsalis by F. arisanus.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kh18932n7
Description of the data and file structure
Descriptions for supplementary material from the manuscript entitled “Immune suppression and metabolic reprogramming in Bactrocera dorsalis parasitized by Fopius arisanus”.
Electronic supplementary material 1
Title: Supplementary table 1- Excel table
Description- Primers used for RT-qPCR assays of 10 selected differentially expressed genes identified in the study
Electronic supplementary material 2
Title: Supplementary table 2 - Excel table
Description- Output of ONT longread sequencing raw reads and analysis showing the number of raw reads obtained after sequencing, the number of reads retained after trimming and sorting, the number of reads that did not align to the B. dorsalis genome as well as the mapping efficiency (%)
Electronic supplementary material 3
Title: Supplementary table 3 - Excel table
Description- Results from the Differential expression analysis; Genes were flagged as differentially expressed at False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.1, genes with a negative sign in the log fold change (LogFC) column are downregulated, otherwise the gene is upregulated in F. arisanus-parasitised larvae compared to the control. LogCPM = Log change per million; LR = Log ratio
Electronic supplementary material 4 - Excel table
Title: Supplementary table 4
Sheet1: Description- Data obtained from the total hemocyte counts (THC) bioassay
Sheet2: Description- Data obtained from the differential hemocyte counts (DHC) bioassay
Sheet 3: Description- Data obtained from the triacyl glyceride (TAG ) bioassays; TAG whole represents TAG levels in whole larvae, whereas TAG hemolymph represents TAG levels in the hemolymph of the larvae
Sheet 4: Description- Data obtained from the phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activity bioassays; Absorption = rate of activity of phenoloxidase enzyme
For all sheets in the supplementary table 4, in the treatment columns, the Control group represents 5-day-old Bactrocera dorsalis larvae whose eggs were not exposed to Fopius arisanus, and the parasitised group represents 5-day-old B. dorsalis larvae whose eggs were exposed to F. arisanus and confirmed to contain a parasitoid egg/larva during dissection. Replicate refers to independent biological replicates.
Sequence data generated from the RNAseq experiment was deposited in NCBI under the accession number: PRJNA1333948
Code/software
Microsoft Excel can be used to view the files uploaded. All data were analysed using open-access software, and we did not use any special code besides that which is recommended by the package/software developers. All software and packages used are cited and referenced in the manuscript.