Data from: A graduated nativeness definition applied to the vascular flora of Denmark
Data files
Nov 03, 2025 version files 468.70 KB
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NativenessSpecies_Oikos.csv
200.18 KB
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NativenessSubspecies_Oikos.csv
263.70 KB
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README.md
4.82 KB
Abstract
The data were used to exemplify how a graduated definition of nativeness (native, near-native, distantly native, alien) differs qualitatively and quantitatively from a binary definition (native, alien). The motivation to revise the definition of nativeness comes from insights into problems related to the classic binary nativeness definition. These problems arise from the dynamic nature of species’ distribution ranges on longer time scales, from the application of the binary definition to smaller regions delimited by arbitrary borders, and from limited knowledge of species’ past distributions, their natural migration potential, and time or mode of arrival in the focal area. To remedy these shortcomings, we have proposed a new graduated definition of nativeness, based on geographical proximity to areas where species are native, their migration potential, and climatic niche. We applied the graduated definition to the vascular flora of Denmark, reclassifying species as ‘native’, ‘near-native’ (native to countries in close vicinity, within their natural migration potential and with similar climatic niche to the focal territory), ‘distant-native’ (native to countries in the rest of Europe) or ‘alien’ (native to other continents).
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n02v6wx9q
Description of the data and file structure
The dataset contains a new graduated nativeness status for the Danish vascular flora. In addition, we list our version of species’ status from a binary definition of nativeness from the three sources: the Euro+Med Plantbase (Euro+Med 2006), the Danish Redlist (Moeslund 2023) and Atlas Flora Danica (Hartvig and Vestergaard 2015).
Data from Euro+Med (2006) were used to create the graduated definition of nativeness, with Denmark as the focal territory. Species given in that source as non-native in Denmark, but strictly native to one or more of the following neighbouring countries (or Euro+Med territories) were re-classified as ‘near-native’ : Sweden, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium with Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, Estonia, “Baltic states with Kaliningrad region”, NW European Russia, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland (with Northern Ireland), Faroe Islands, and Iceland. Species given as non-native in Denmark, but strictly native to one or more of the remaining countries or territories included in the Euro+Med plantbase, i.e. countries further afield from Denmark, were re-classified as ‘distantly native’. The category 'alien' was given to species native outside of Europe only.
Taxon names were standardized based on World Flora Online (The World Flora Online Consortium 2023), using the TNRS tool (Boyle et al. 2013). Included taxa were aggregated on two taxonomic levels: i) species and ii) species and subspecies.
Some obvious mistakes in the Euro+Med database were corrected, using Plants of the World Online (POWO 2025), changing the status of Cornus sericea L. to ‘non-native’, and the graduated category of the species Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John to ’alien’. The missing data are represented as NA.
Files and variables
File: NativenessSubspecies_Oikos.csv
Description: : List of vascular flora of Denmark aggregated on subspecies level from the three sources: The Danish Redlist, Atlas Flora Danica and Euro+Med, along with the status of the subspecies in the graduated definition of nativeness.
Variables
- "Accepted subspecies": The scientific subspecies name, as accepted in World Flora Online.
- "Name author": The author name of the subspecies, as stated in World Flora Online.
- "Family": The taxonomic family the subspecies belongs to, as accepted in World Flora Online.
- "Redlist status": The nativeness status of the subspecies in the Danish Redlist, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "Atlas Flora Danica status": The nativeness status of the subspecies in Atlas Flora Danica, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "EuroMed status": The nativeness status of the subspecies in Euro+Med, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "Graduated Nativeness": The graduated nativeness status, created by the authors, as stated in the description.
File: NativenessSpecies_Oikos.csv
Description: List of vascular flora of Denmark aggregated on species level from the three sources: The Danish Redlist, Atlas Flora Danica and Euro+Med, along with the status of the species in the graduated definition of nativeness.
Variables
- "Accepted species": The scientific species name, as accepted in World Flora Online.
- "Name author": The author name of the species, as stated in World Flora Online
- "Family": The taxonomic family the species belongs to, as accepted in World Flora Online.
- "Redlist status": The binary nativeness status of the species according to the Danish Redlist, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "Atlas Flora Danica status": The binary nativeness status of the species in Atlas Flora Danica, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "EuroMed status": The binary nativeness status of the species in Euro+Med, created by the authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and 'uncertain'.
- "Graduated Nativeness": The graduated nativeness status, created by the authors, as stated in the description.
Code/software
The data is a semi-colon separated file. Encoded with UTF8 and BOM.
Access information
Other publicly accessible locations of the data:
- None
Some of the data was derived and adapted by the authors from the following sources: Euro+Med (Euro+Med 2006), The Danish Redlist (Moeslund 2023) and Atlas Flora Danica (Hartvig and Vestergaard 2015).