Sub-one-tenth exciton threshold lasers using stable self-charged perovskite quantum rods
Data files
Jun 23, 2026 version files 1.15 MB
-
Figure_1B.csv
744 B
-
Figure_1E.csv
77.46 KB
-
Figure_1F.csv
27.06 KB
-
Figure_2C.csv
171 B
-
Figure_2D.csv
12.24 KB
-
Figure_2E.csv
51.66 KB
-
Figure_2F.csv
466.32 KB
-
Figure_2G.csv
354 B
-
Figure_2H.csv
194 B
-
Figure_3A.csv
56.61 KB
-
Figure_3B.csv
1.66 KB
-
Figure_3C.csv
20.76 KB
-
Figure_3D.csv
297.23 KB
-
Figure_4B.csv
66.91 KB
-
Figure_4C.csv
44.76 KB
-
Figure_4D.csv
17.78 KB
-
README.md
8.99 KB
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising optical gain materials that require a reduction in the threshold to reach their full potential. While QD charging theoretically reduces the threshold to zero, its effectiveness has been limited by strong Auger recombination and unstable charging. In this study, we theoretically determine the optimal combination of charging number and Auger recombination to minimize the lasing threshold. Experimentally, we develop stable, self-charged perovskite quantum rods (QRs) as an alternative to QDs via state engineering and Mn-doping strategy. A two-order-of-magnitude reduction in nonradiative Auger recombination enables QRs to support a charging number of up to 6. We then achieve QR liquid lasing with a sub-one-tenth exciton threshold (an average of 0.098 excitons per QR) using 5-nanosecond pulse pumping. This threshold is exceptionally low among all reported QD lasers. These achievements demonstrate the potential of specially engineered QRs as excellent gain media and pave the way for their applications.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c
The dataset shows the optimal combination of charging number and Auger recombination for minimizing the lasing threshold. Single-dot spectroscopy and transient absorption measurements confirm that Mn-doped CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum rods support a charging number of up to 6, with a long Auger lifetime of approximately 1.6 ns, as well as a gain lifetime as long as 0.735 ns. Laser measurements demonstrate a sub‑one‑tenth exciton threshold.
Description of the data and file structure
All images in the related article were drawn using Origin software.
Data files are named according to their corresponding figure in the related article.
Figure 1B
Description: Figure 1B shows the dependence of the lasing threshold (<Nlas>) on the charging number per QD (<nc>) and the Auger recombination characterized by the biexciton Auger lifetime (tA,XX) in neutral QDs.
Data file: The first row of Figure_1B.csv is the tA,XX with the unit of nanosecond, the first column is the <nc>, and the remaining data are the <Nlas>, i.e., the average number of absorbed photons per pulse per QD at the lasing threshold.
Figure 1E
Description: Figure 1E shows a typical photoluminescence (PL) intensity time trajectory for a single CsPbBr3 QR at excitation condition <N> = 0.2. <N> represents the average exciton number per QD. The trajectories represent the time frames from 0 to 40 s for charged QR and from 180 to 220 s for neutral QR, respectively.
Data file: The A and the C columns of Figure_1E.csv give the horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames for the charged and neutral QR with the unit of second. The B and the D columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the unit of kcounts per second.
Figure 1F
Description: Figure 1F shows the evolution of charging number (nc) (red circles) in the self-charged QR and the corresponding tA,XX (blue stars) over time. The decay of the nc can be well fitted by the monoexponential function. The blue curve is the spline fit of the average biexciton Auger lifetime. Errors are indicated by shaded areas.
Data file: Columns A, C, F, and H of Figure_1F.csv describe the time frames with the unit of second. Columns B and D represent the nc and the fitting curve. Columns G and I represent the tA,XX and the average tA,XX with the unit of nanosecond, the column J represents the standard deviation.
Figure 2C
Description: Figure 2C shows the lattice spacing of CsPbBr3 QRs as a function of Mn doping concentration.
Data file: The first row of Figure_2C.csv is the Mn concentration (%), and the other rows are the lattice spacing with the unit of Å.
Figure 2D
Description: Figure 2D shows the absorption and PL spectra of QRs with different Mn doping concentrations dispersed in cyclohexane.
Data file: In Figure_2D.csv, columns A and G give the horizontal coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of nanometer. Columns B to E represent the absorption spectra with Mn doping concentrations of 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. Columns H to K represent the PL spectra with Mn doping concentrations of 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively.
Figure 2E
Description: Figure 2E shows a typical PL intensity time trajectory for single 3.5% Mn-doped QRs at excitation condition <N> = 0.2.
Data file: The A and the D columns of Figure_2E.csv give the horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames for the charged QR with the unit of second. The B and the E columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the unit of kcounts per second.
Figure 2F
Description: Figure 2F shows the corresponding original second-order correlation function g(2) curve and time-gated g(2) curve of the single QR.
Data file: In Figure_2F.csv, the A and the D columns give the horizontal coordinate, describing the delayed time with the unit of nanosecond. The B and the E columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the normalized intensity with arbitrary units.
Figure 2G
Description: Figure 2G shows the evolutions of charging number in the Mn-doped CsPbBr3 perovskite QR and corresponding biexciton Auger lifetime.
Data file: In Figure_2G.csv, the A column gives horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames with the unit of second. The B and the E columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the nc and the tA,XX in nanoseconds. The columns C and F represent the standard deviation.
Figure 2H
Description: Figure 2H shows the nc and the PL intensity with Mn doping concentrations of 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively.
Data file: In Figure_2H.csv, the A column gives the horizontal coordinate, describing the Mn concentration (%). The B and the D columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity in kcounts per second and the nc. The columns C and E represent the standard deviation. We did not provide nc and standard deviation at 0% Mn doping concentrations because undoped QRs cannot charge stably.
Figure 3A
Description: Figure 3A shows exciton kinetic curves for <N>0 = 0.11 and <N>1 = 1.44, the biexciton kinetic curve (inset) is obtained by subtracting the exciton kinetic curve of <N>0 = 0.11 from that of <N>1 = 1.44. The single exciton and biexciton kinetic curves are fitted by monoexponential functions.
Data file: In Figure_3A.csv, the columns A, C, F, I, and K give the horizontal coordinate, describing the delayed time with the unit of picosecond. The B and the D columns give the kinetic and fitting curve for <N>0 = 0.11. The G column gives the kinetic for <N>1 = 1.44. The J and the L columns give the kinetic and fitting curve for biexciton. All absorbance values are normalized.
Figure 3B
Description: Figure 3B shows nonlinear absorption spectra -(ΔA+A0) at 3 ps under various <N>. Inset: amplified absorption spectra showing the transition from absorption to net gain.
Data file: In Figure_3B.csv, the A column gives horizontal coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of nanometer. The B column gives the steady-state absorption spectrum, and the columns D to G give the transient spectra with <N> values of 0.04, 0.11, 0.18, and 0.29, respectively. The unit of absorption spectra is mOD.
Figure 3C
Description: Figure 3C shows the absorption bleaching (-ΔA/A0) as a function of <N> for QRs indicates the gain threshold <Ng> = 0.082, where -ΔA/A0 = 1.
Data file: In Figure_3C.csv, the A and D columns give the horizontal coordinate, describing the <N> values. The B and E columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the -ΔA/A0 values and the fitting curve.
Figure 3D
Description: Figure 3D shows a two-dimensional pseudo-color plot of the net gain spectra. The gain lifetime tg is 0.735 ns at 538 nm.
Data file: In Figure_3D.csv, the first row of the data is the delay time with the unit of picosecond, the first column is the wavelength with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the -(ΔA+A0) values with the unit of mOD.
Figure 4B
Description: Figure 4B shows normalized spectral peaks versus pump fluences, which highlights the emergence of dominant laser modes with linewidths smaller than spontaneous emission.
Data file: In Figure_4B.csv, the first row of the data is the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm-2, the first column is the wavelength with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the normalized PL intensity with arbitrary units.
Figure 4C
Description: Figure 4C shows the nanosecond pulse-pumped QR lasing. Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the lasing threshold at 9.86 µJ·mm-2, corresponding to <N> = 0.098.
Data file: In Figure_4C.csv, the columns A, D, and H give the horizontal coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm-2. The columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate, describing the normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary units.
Figure 4D
Description: Figure 4D shows the femtosecond pulse-pumped QR lasing. Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the lasing threshold at 2.90 µJ·cm-2, corresponding to <N> = 0.087.
Data file: The columns A, D, and H of Figure_4D.csv give the horizontal coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm-2. The columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate, describing the normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary units.
Access information
Other publicly accessible locations of the data:
- None.
Data was derived from the following sources:
- None.