Establishing foundations: Designing a long-term experiment to evaluate whether nestboxes assist population recovery of an endangered species after fire
Data files
Oct 29, 2025 version files 2.81 MB
-
Camera_Script_EG_R2.R
5.34 KB
-
Camera_Script_Tallaganda_1.R
1.90 KB
-
Camera_Script_Tallaganda_2.R
15.24 KB
-
eastgippsland_images_r1.csv
203.41 KB
-
eastgippsland_images_r2.csv
1.33 MB
-
eastgippsland_sites_r1.csv
3.44 KB
-
eastgippsland_sites_r2.csv
5.25 KB
-
numbers_greaterglider_eg.csv
5.35 KB
-
numbers_greaterglider_tallaganda.csv
5.73 KB
-
README.md
12.54 KB
-
Spotlighting_Script_East_Gippsland.R
3.50 KB
-
Spotlighting_Script_Tallaganda.R
8.17 KB
-
tallaganda_mammals_imagedataset.csv
1.21 MB
-
tallaganda_sites.csv
2.52 KB
Abstract
The loss of hollow-bearing trees drives population declines of hollow-dependent species. Disturbances such as wildfire can exacerbate these declines. Artificial structures, like nestboxes, are a commonly used management tool that attempts to offset hollow loss. However, the effectiveness of nestboxes as a conservation strategy is rarely tested within an experimental framework. The endangered southern greater glider (Petauroides volans) is an obligate hollow-dependent arboreal marsupial that is highly sensitive to wildfire. Southern greater glider populations experienced high mortality and habitat loss following the 2019/2020 megafires in south-eastern Australia. To test whether purpose-built nestboxes could assist the post-fire population recovery of the southern greater glider, we established a long-term, landscape-scale experiment. We installed a total of 234 nestboxes at sites in East Gippsland (north-eastern Victoria) and Tallaganda (southern New South Wales). Nestbox sites were matched to control sites. We undertook spotlighting surveys in both study areas and installed camera traps at a subset of nestboxes. We observed southern greater gliders using nestboxes in both regions, with substantially more observations in Tallaganda. However, we did not find a significant difference in southern greater glider abundance between nestbox and control sites. In Tallaganda, we found more southern greater gliders in areas of lower fire severity. The longer-term outcomes of our study will inform the use of nestboxes as a tool to assist in the recovery of southern greater gliders following disturbance.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rv15dv4mh
Description of the data and file structure
Files and variables
File: numbers_greaterglider_eg.csv
Description: Raw survey data from East Gippsland.
Variables
- Round: Survey Round (Pre or Post).
- SiteID: Unique to each transect.
- Rep: Replicates (Numerical).
- Fireclass: Fire mapping severity (Category).
- Treat: What the treatment was planned to be (Treatment - T or Control -C).
- Treat2: What the treatment was (Treatment - T or Control -C).
- Date_surveyed: Date of spotlighting survey (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Obs1: Sightings by only observer 1 (Count).
- Obs2: Sightings by only observer 2 (Count).
- Both: Sightings by both observers (Count).
- Off: Greater glider sightings off the transect (Count).
- Highestgg: Maximum count of greater gliders by either observer, e.g., observer 1 + both = observer 1’s total count.
- Totalgg: Count of observer 1 + observer 2 + both.
- Presence: Were southern greater gliders present (Y/N).
- Severity: Category low, medium, high, extreme, or mixed, where there was no clear majority.
- Burnpercentage: Percentage.
- Canopyburnt: Was any canopy burnt (Y/N).
- Elevation: Average elevation of survey area (m).
- Brushtailpossum: Number sighted during survey (Count).
File: numbers_greaterglider_tallaganda.csv
Description: Raw survey data from Tallaganda.
N/A
Variables
-
Round: Survey Round (Pre/Post).
-
Round_Corrected: Corrected based on the actual timing of nestbox deployment (Pre/Post).
-
Timing: When nestboxes were deployed in relation to the spotlighting survey (after/before/na for control sites and where round and round_corrected equal the same).
-
SiteID: Unique to each transect.
-
Severity: Fire mapping severity (Low, medium, high, extreme).
-
Rep: Replicates (Numerical).
-
Treat: What the treatment was planned to be (Treatment - T or Control -C).
-
Treat2: What the treatment was (Treatment - T or Control -C).
-
NB_deployment: Date of nestbox deployment (dd/mm/yyyy). na for the surveys after round 1 and control sites.
-
Date_surveyed: Date of spotlighting survey (dd/mm/yyyy).
Daysafter_deploy: Number of days after nestbox deployment (dd/mm/yyyy). na for the surveys after round 1 and control sites.
-
Nestboxes: Nestboxes present (Y/N).
-
Obs1: Sightings by only observer 1 (Count).
-
Obs2: Sightings by only observer 2 (Count).
-
Both: Sightings by both observers (Count).
-
Highestgg: Maximum count of greater gliders by either observer, e.g., observer 1 + both = observer 1’s total count.
-
Off: Greater glider sightings off the transect (Count).
-
Totalgg: Count of observer 1 + observer 2 + both.
-
Meanelevation: Average elevation (m) of survey area.
-
Fireseverity: Category low, medium, high, extreme, or mixed where there was no clear majority.
-
Burnseverity: Percentage.
-
Canopyburn: Was any canopy burnt (Y/N).
-
Brushtailpossum: Number sighted during survey (Count).
File: Spotlighting_Script_East_Gippsland.R
Description: Outlines the steps taken to model the greater glider survey data from spotlighting surveys in East Gippsland.
File: Spotlighting_Script_Tallaganda.R
Description: Outlines the steps taken to model the greater glider survey data from spotlighting surveys in Tallaganda.
File: Camera_Script_Tallaganda_1.R
Description: Script includes how the days of each species detected on camera were calculated. Can be applied to either/all camera datasets.
File: Camera_Script_Tallaganda_2.R
Description: R script for manipulating image and site data from the Tallaganda camera trapping. Can be applied to either/all camera datasets.
File: tallaganda_mammals_imagedataset.csv
Description: Processed camera data for all images with mammals detected in Tallaganda. *Captured automatically by the camera and downloaded into the spreadsheet.
Variables
- image_name: Unique code for each individual image.
- area: The study area, e.g., Tallaganda.
- site: Site name, e.g., the individual transect.
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- code: Camera number and transect name.
- *trigger: Trigger number of the image e.g., 1/2.
- Date: Date of image (dd/mm/yyyy).
- time: Time of image (hh:mm:ss).
- *datetime: Date and time of image (dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm)
- *moon_phase: Phase of the moon when the image was taken.
- *sensitivity: Camera shutter sensitivity. (Category: low/medium/high, has been converted to numerical but is within the high range).
- *temp: Temperature image was taken (Degrees Celsius)
- species: Species identified in the image.
- age: Age of the southern greater glider identified if able to identify from the image. Blank cells = no age was determined for that image.
- behaviour: Where the animal is detected in the image.
- nestbox_behaviour: Whether the animal is interacting with the nestbox.
- colour: Southern greater glider morph. Blank cell = not a southern greater glider and therefore not written, or missing if it was difficult to determine from the image.
- number: Number of animals in the image (Count).
- comments: Additional observations. Blank cell = nothing to add.
File: tallaganda_sites.csv
Description: Data collected for each camera site.
Variables
- camera: Number between 1 and 30.
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- lat: Latitude (Co-ordinates of camera location).
- lon: Longitude (Co-ordinates of camera location).
- Setup_date: Date camera was set up and began collecting data (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Retrieval_date: Date camera was retrieved and data collection ended (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Problem1_from: Date of the last image. null = no problem.
- Problem1_to: End date of camera trapping period. null = no problem.
- Camera_Operational: Days the camera recorded for.
- Problems: TRUE or FALSE.
- Reason: Description of why there was a problem with the camera trapping period. Blank cells = no problem recorded.
File: eastgippsland_images_r1.csv
Description: Processed camera data for all images with mammals detected in East Gippsland (First round). *Captured automatically by the camera and downloaded into the spreadsheet.
Variables
- image_name: Unique code for each individual image.
- area: The study area, e.g. East Gippsland.
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- *trigger: Trigger number of the image.
- Date: Date of image (dd/mm/yyyy).
- time: Time of image (hh:mm:ss).
- *datetime: Date and time of image (dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm).
- *moon_phase: Phase of the moon when the image was taken.
- *sensitivity: Camera shutter sensitivity. (Category: low/medium/high, has been converted to numerical but is within the high range).
- *temp: Temperature image was taken (Degrees Celsius).
- species: Species identified in the image.
- age_image: Age of the animal identified if able to identify from the image.
- behaviour: Where the animal is detected in the image.
- nestbox_behaviour: Whether the animal is interacting with the nestbox.
- number: Number of animals in the image (Count).
- colour: Southern greater glider morph.
File: eastgippsland_sites_r1.csv
Description: Data collected for each camera site.
Variables
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- Camera: Number between 1 and 28.
- Problem: TRUE or FALSE.
- Setup_date: Date camera was set up and began collecting data (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Problem1_from: Date of the last image.
- Problem1_to: End date of camera trapping period.
- Retrieval_date: Date camera was retrieved and data collection ended (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Trap_Nights: Number of nights cameras recorded for.
- site_severity: Fire severity along the transect (low/moderate/high).
- site_percentageburnt: Percentage of the transect burnt (%).
- camera_distance: Front of the transect (50m) or back (250m).
- site_canopyburn: Canopy burnt along the transect, yes or no.
- site_evc: Ecological vegetation class along the transect.
- camera_evc: Ecological vegetation class at the camera location.
- camera_elevation: Elevation (m) at the camera location.
- camera_severity: Fire severity at the camera location.
File: eastgippsland_sites_r2.csv
Description: Data collected for each camera site in the second round of data collection.
Variables
- Station_SD: Repeat of 'Station'.
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- Site: Site name, e.g., the individual transect.
- camera: Number between 1 and 28.
- EVC: Ecological vegetation class along the transect.
- camera_elevation: Elevation (m) at the camera location.
- camera_severity: Fire severity at the camera location (Category).
- camera_landmgmt: Tenure of site.
- Setup_date: Date camera was set up and began collecting data (dd/mm/yyyy).
- Problem2_from: Date of the last image.
- Problem2_to: End date of camera trapping period.
- Retrieval_date: Date camera was retrieved and data collection ended.
- Camera_Operational: Days the camera recorded for.
- Problem2: TRUE or FALSE.
- last_animal_photo: Date of image with an animal present.
- last_photo: Date of last image.
- end: Retrieval of the camera/or change of SD card.
- field_observations: Observations from the tree climber.
- issues: Issues noted with the camera. E.g., SD Card error. Blank cells = no issues.
File: eastgippsland_images_r2.csv
Description: Processed camera data for all images with mammals detected in East Gippsland (Second round). *Captured automatically by the camera and downloaded into the spreadsheet.
Note: Blank cells in 'sequence' and 'temp_' are due to errors, and those are missing values.
Blank cells in 'age' and 'colour' are due to not being needed for that species or being unidentifiable.
Blank cells in 'behaviour' are missing values or unidentifiable in the image.
Variables
- RootFolder: Round2
- File: Same as 'image name'.
- Station: Camera name. Includes the transect/site name, where the camera was placed (front/back), and SD number.
- *Date: Date of image (dd/mm/yyyy).
- *Time: Time of image (hh:mm:ss).
- DeleteFlag: TRUE or FALSE.
- *sequence: Trigger number.
- age: Age of the animal identified if able to identify from the image. (Null or a blank cell is for species other than the southern greater glider or if unidentifiable).
- *temp_: Temperature when image taken (Degrees Celsius).
- colour: Southern greater glider morph. (na or a blank cell is for other species or if unidentifiable)
- behaviour: Where the animal is detected in the image.
- ant: Antechinus (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image) (Count).
- gg: Southern greater glider (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image) (Count).
- ft: Feathertail glider (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image) (Count).
- sg: Inland sugar glider (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image) (Count).
- common: Common Brushtail Possum (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image)
- mountain: Mountain Brushtail Possum (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image) (Count).
- behaviour0: Whether the animal is interacting with the nestbox (Category:
- ybg: Yellow-bellied Glider (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image)
- unidentified: Unidentified animal. (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image)
- bat: Bat (0 = Not present, 1 or more = number of that animal present in image)
- comment: Any notes, issues, etc. Blank cell = no comments.
File: Camera_Script_EG_R2.R
Description: R script for manipulating image and site data from the second round of East Gippsland camera trapping. Can be applied to either/all camera datasets.
Code/software
See the R scripts for code and packages used.
