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Data and code from: Modeling observational uncertainty improves estimation of breeding-season parameters that inform lek-based monitoring for Centrocercus urophasianus (Greater Sage-Grouse)

Ruzicka, Rebekah1; Walker, Brett2; Kendall, William34

Published Sep 07, 2026 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rxwdbrvq6

Data files

Sep 07, 2026 version files 4.50 MB

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Abstract

Counts of males on leks are widely used as abundance indices to monitor populations of lek-breeding species, but they can be influenced by variation in male attendance, inter-lek movement, and mortality. When there is imperfect observability of males on leks, estimates of lek attendance and inter-lek movement are likely to be biased low. We compared traditional multi-state mark–recapture (MSMR) and MSMR models with state uncertainty (MSMR-SU) to determine how accounting for uncertainty in GPS-derived lek attendance improves inference of rates underlying lek-based abundance indices for male Centrocercus urophasianus (Greater Sage-Grouse). We found that modeling observational uncertainty with MSMR-SU models consistently reduced bias in lek attendance and inter-lek movement estimates for adult and yearling males compared to MSMR models. Estimates of daily maximum male lek attendance (adults: 0.79; yearlings: 0.68) and inter-lek movement rates (adults: 0.10; yearlings: 0.07) from MSMR-SU models were higher than daily maximum lek attendance (adults: 0.74; yearlings: 0.55) and inter-lek movement rates (adults: 0.01; yearlings: 0.04) from MSMR models. Consistent with previous studies, adults exhibited higher lek attendance and mortality rates than yearlings. However, unlike earlier studies, inter-lek movement rates were similar between age classes, with adults tending to move earlier in the lekking season than yearlings. Wind speed and precipitation had a weak negative effect on lek attendance. Greater distance to the nearest known lek strongly reduced inter-lek movement. Accounting for lekking-season mortality shifted the estimated date of maximum lek attendance earlier in the season by 8–9 days for adults and 1–3 days for yearlings. Accounting for state uncertainty due to error in state assignment should reduce bias in demographic estimates for use in wildlife conservation and management decisions.