Common immunosuppressants impair recipient immunity but do not safeguard donor tissue-resident immunity in kidney transplantation
Data files
Jun 26, 2026 version files 14.31 GB
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Dart_2026_Data_Upload.zip
14.31 GB
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Dryad_Upload_Additional_Information.xlsx
13.61 KB
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README.md
12.18 KB
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs have been used in transplantation for decades, however their impact on donor and recipient leukocyte dynamics after transplantation have not been well defined. Murine mismatched kidney transplants were exposed to tacrolimus, mycophenolate, methylprednisolone, abatacept and T cell depletion therapy. Drug dosing was determined by pharmacokinetic analysis to mimic therapeutic levels of human kidney recipients. Donor and recipient leukocytes of 19 subsets isolated from the graft and periphery after kidney transplantation in the presence of monotherapy or combination immunosuppression were examined. Immunosuppression significantly reduced recipient leukocyte infiltration into the graft. Additionally, methylprednisolone reduced peripheral leukocyte counts, whilst mycophenolate had a moderate effect. Tacrolimus was most immunosuppressive, reducing day 7 graft histological rejection scores, inducing changes in graft donor and recipient macrophage phenotypes, reducing T cell co-inhibitory receptor and granzyme B expression, and peripheral leukocyte counts. Combination therapy with tacrolimus, mycophenolate and methylprednisolone displayed an additive immunosuppressive effect. Despite these significant changes to recipient leukocyte immunity, the impact of conventional immunosuppressive agents on donor leukocyte retention was modest. These data confirm the critical importance of tacrolimus in preventing acute graft rejection. We demonstrate that conventional immunosuppressive strategies do not contribute to substantial donor leukocyte maintenance in grafted kidneys, despite impairing recipient immunity, highlighting the need for alternate approaches to preserve beneficial donor immunity after kidney transplantation.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.t4b8gtjch
Description of the data and file structure
Heterotopic kidney transplants were performed between healthy 20-25g (approximately 12-16 weeks old) female C57BL/6J (donor) and Ly5.1 BALB/c (recipient) mice. Naïve controls were age- and weight-matched.
Kidney recipients received immunosuppression monotherapy or triple therapy (tacrolimus + mycophenolate + methylprednisolone). Tacrolimus (0.94mg/kg) and mycophenolate (34mg/kg) were injected 12 hourly intraperitoneally (i.p.), and methylprednisolone (16mg/kg) 72 hourly subcutaneously (s.c.), commencing on the morning of surgery. Abatacept (10mg/kg) was administered s.c. once only (day 0). Anti-CD3ε F(ab’) 2 (50μg) was administered intravenously (i.v.) daily for five days, commencing the day before surgery (days -1, 0,1, 2, 3). Control mice received kidney transplants only. Surgeons were blinded to treatment groups.
At day 7, blood was collected via cardiac puncture, and heparinized for flow cytometry. Thereafter, mice were perfused with saline via the aorta. Graft and native kidneys, liver, spleen, hind leg bones (for bone marrow), and abdominal lymph nodes were collected. Single cell suspensions of leukocytes were prepared from each organ. Cells were counted using a Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter (Thermo Fisher). These counts are provided in the Excel spreadsheet.
Single cell suspensions were then analyzed for lymphoid and myeloid subsets. Fc receptor blocking with CD16/32 (2.4G2, Becton Dickinson; BD) was performed prior to myeloid cell staining. All cells were stained with Zombie UV Fixable Viability Dye (BioLegend), before staining with surface marker antibodies diluted in Brilliant Stain Buffer (BD). For intracellular staining, the eBioscience FoxP3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer set (Thermo Fisher) was used. Cells were fixed with Stabilizing Fixative (BD). Data was acquired on a 5-laser, 16-parameter BD Special Order Research Product LSRFortessa flow cytometer. Quality control checks were performed with Cytometer Setup and Tracking beads (BD), and Ultra Rainbow Calibration Particles (Spherotech) to adjust for laser drift. UltraComp eBeads (Thermo Fisher) were used for compensation, however manual compensation was also applied. Compensated data was subjected to FlowAI to clean data based on flow rate and signal acquisition. The provided fcs files are of this compensated, flowAI cleaned data.
Files and variables
File: Dryad_Upload_Additional_Information.xlsx
Description: Excel file linking mouse ID to treatment group, and providing original cell counts per organ for cell quantification
Variables
- Mouse ID: Matches fcs file name
- Group: Treatment group or control is listed
- Number of cells/organ: cell counts per organ
- BM: bone marrow
- Blood (count/mL)
- LN: abdominal lymph nodes
- Liver
- Spleen
- Kid Tx (Transplanted Kidney)
- Kid NT (Native Kidney)
File: Dart_2026_Data_Upload.zip
Description: FCS files. Each File is labelled with the mouse ID, staining panel, and organ abbreviation (BM = hind leg bone marrow, LN = abdominal lymph nodes, Blood, Liver, Spleen, KTx = kidney transplant, KNT = native kidney)
Mouse IDs are connected to each treatment group as below:
| ID | Experimental Group |
|---|---|
| C081 | Abatacept |
| C084 | Abatacept |
| D010 | Abatacept |
| D019 | Abatacept |
| D082 | Abatacept |
| SL006 | anti-CD3ε F(ab')2 |
| SL009 | anti-CD3ε F(ab')2 |
| SL010 | anti-CD3ε F(ab')2 |
| C002 | Control (No Immunosuppression) |
| C013 | Control (No Immunosuppression) |
| C082 | Control (No Immunosuppression) |
| D032 | Control (No Immunosuppression) |
| C032 | Mycophenolate |
| C036 | Mycophenolate |
| C039 | Mycophenolate |
| D017 | Mycophenolate |
| D018 | Mycophenolate |
| D073 | Methylprednisolone |
| D085 | Methylprednisolone |
| D098 | Methylprednisolone |
| D109 | Methylprednisolone |
| E088 | Methylprednisolone |
| C083 | Tacrolimus |
| D015 | Tacrolimus |
| D016 | Tacrolimus |
| K082 | Tacrolimus |
| K083 | Tacrolimus |
| E084 | Triple Therapy (Tacrolimus + Mycophenolate + Methylprednisolone) |
| E089 | Triple Therapy (Tacrolimus + Mycophenolate + Methylprednisolone) |
| E090 | Triple Therapy (Tacrolimus + Mycophenolate + Methylprednisolone) |
| F004 | Triple Therapy (Tacrolimus + Mycophenolate + Methylprednisolone) |
| F005 | Triple Therapy (Tacrolimus + Mycophenolate + Methylprednisolone) |
Naïve Controls:
| ID | Group |
|---|---|
| D012 | Naïve Ly5.1 BALBc |
| D013 | Naïve Ly5.1 BALBc |
| D049 | Naïve Ly5.1 BALBc |
| D054 | Naïve Ly5.1 BALBc |
| SC002 | Naïve C57BL/6 |
| SC005 | Naïve C57BL/6 |
| SC007 | Naïve C57BL/6 |
| SC008 | Naïve C57BL/6 |
Staining Panels are as below:
Lymphoid:
| Laser | Filter | Antibody | Fluorophore | Clone | Supplier | Cat No. | RRID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 355 | 379_28 | CD8β | BUV395 | H35-17.2 | BD | 740278 | AB_2740017 |
| 355 | 450_50 | Viability | Zombie UV | BioLegend | 423107 | ||
| 355 | 740_35 | NK1.1 | BUV737 | PK136 | BD | 741715 | AB_2871088 |
| NKp46 (CD335) | BUV737 | 29A1.4 | BD | 565085 | AB_2739059 | ||
| 405 | 450_50 | MR1tet | BV421 | NIH | N/A | ||
| 405 | 525_50 | CD4 | BV510 | RM4-5 | BD | 563106 | AB_2687550 |
| 405 | 610_20 | CTLA-4 | BV605 | UC10-4B9 | BioLegend | 106323 | AB_2566467 |
| 405 | 670_30 | CD8α | SB645 | 53-6.7 | Thermo Fisher | 64-0081-82 | AB_2662353 |
| 405 | 710_50 | CD69 | BV711 | H1.2F3 | BD | 740664 | AB_2740352 |
| 405 | 780_60 | Ki67 | BV786 | B5 | BD | 563756 | AB_2732007 |
| 488 | 530_30 | CD45.2 | FITC | 104 | BD | 561874 | AB_10894189 |
| 488 | 695_40 | CD49a | BB700 | Ha31/8 | BD | 742164 | AB_2861198 |
| 561 | 582_15 | TCRγδ | PE | GL3 | BD | 561997 | AB_10897008 |
| 561 | 610_20 | FoxP3 | PE/CF594 | MF223 | BD | 562466 | AB_11151905 |
| 561 | 670_30 | CD19 | PECy5 | 6D5 | BioLegend | 115510 | AB_313645 |
| 561 | 780_60 | CD49b | PECy7 | DX5 | BioLegend | 108922 | AB_2561460 |
| 640 | 670_30 | CD1dtet | APC | NIH | N/A | ||
| 640 | 730_45 | TCRβ | AF700 | H57-597 | BioLegend | 109223 | AB_1027654 |
| 640 | 780_60 | CD45.1 | APCeF780 | A20 | Thermo Fisher | 47-0453-82 | AB_1582228 |
Myeloid:
| Laser | Filter | Antibody | Fluorophore | Clone | Supplier | Cat No. | RRID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 355 | 379_28 | CD11b | BUV395 | M1/70 | BD | 563553 | AB_2738276 |
| 355 | 450_50 | Viability | Zombie UV | BioLegend | 423107 | ||
| 355 | 740_35 | Ki67 | BUV737 | B56 | BD | 567130 | AB_2916461 |
| 405 | 450_50 | CD206 | BV421 | C068C2 | BioLegend | 141717 | AB_2562232 |
| 405 | 525_50 | Ly6C | BV510 | HK1.4 | BioLegend | 128033 | AB_2562351 |
| 405 | 610_20 | CD11c | BV605 | N418 | BD | 744179 | AB_2742044 |
| 405 | 670_30 | MHCII | eV655 | M5/114.15.2 | Thermo Fisher | 86-5321-42 | AB_2574798 |
| 405 | 710_50 | CD45.1 | BV711 | A20 | BD | 563982 | AB_2861197 |
| 405 | 780_60 | Siglec-F | BV786 | E50-2440 | BD | 740956 | AB_2740581 |
| 488 | 530_30 | Ly6G | FITC | 1A8 | BD | 551460 | AB_394207 |
| 488 | 695_40 | XCR1 | PerCP/Cy5.5 | ZET | BioLegend | 148208 | AB_2564364 |
| 561 | 582_15 | iNOS | PE | W16030C | BioLegend | 696806 | AB_2876745 |
| 561 | 610_20 | B220 | AF594 | RA3-6B2 | BioLegend | 103254 | AB_2563229 |
| 561 | 670_30 | channel empty | |||||
| 561 | 780_60 | CD64 | PECy7 | X54-5/7.1 | BioLegend | 139314 | AB_2563904 |
| 640 | 670_30 | F4/80 | AF647 | T45-2342 | BD | 565853 | AB_2744474 |
| 640 | 730_45 | NKp46 (CD335) | AF700 | 29A1.4 | BD | 561169 | AB_10561840 |
| CD3 | AF700 | 17A2 | Thermo Fisher | 56-0032-82 | AB_529507 | ||
| 640 | 780_60 | CD45.2 | APCeF780 | 104 | Thermo Fisher | 47-0454-82 | AB_1272175 |
Code/software
FCS files may be analysed using FlowJo or https://floreada.io (free, web-based alternative).
Access information
Other publicly accessible locations of the data:
- N/A
Data was derived from the following sources:
- N/A
Heterotopic kidney transplants were performed between healthy 20-25g (approximately 12-16 weeks old) female C57BL/6J (donor) and Ly5.1 BALB/c (recipient).
1 week after murine kidney transplantation in the presence or absence of immunosuppression (tacrolimus, mycophenolate, abatacept, methylprednisolone, triple therapy (tacrolimus + mycophenolate + methylprednisolone), or anti-CD3ε F(ab’)2 depleting antibody), grafted kidneys and recipient spleens, abdominal lymph nodes, livers, hind limb bone marrow and native kidneys were harvested. Organs were processed to single cell suspensions, and stained for flow cytometry.
Data was acquired on a 5-laser, 16-parameter BD Special Order Research Product LSRFortessa flow cytometer. Quality control checks were performed with Cytometer Setup and Tracking beads (BD), and Ultra Rainbow Calibration Particles (Spherotech, Lake Forest, IL) to adjust for laser drift. UltraComp eBeads (Thermo Fisher) were used for compensation, however manual compensation was also applied. Compensated data was subjected to FlowAI to clean data based on flow rate and signal acquisition. The submitted files are compensated and FlowAI cleaned fcs files.
