Pollinators observed in gardens and lawns along an urbanization gradient in the Greater Chicago Area
Data files
May 05, 2026 version files 608.76 KB
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Data_Pollinator_Gardens_on_Urbanization_Gradient_V2.csv
590.02 KB
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README.md
18.74 KB
Abstract
With growing awareness of global declines in bee populations, bee conservation has received increased attention from governmental agencies, non-profit organizations, researchers, and the public. One popular strategy involves pollinator garden registration programs that certify gardens meeting required habitat provisioning criteria to motivate gardeners to provide high-quality food and nesting resources. While considerable financial and human resources are directed towards these programs and there are now over one million pollinator gardens registered globally, limited research has been conducted to verify their effectiveness for bee conservation. This data set includes information about bee visitation to pollinator gardens, ornamental gardens, and lawns on an urban-rural gradient in the Greater Chicago Area, IL, USA. Our results suggest that pollinator gardens may support bee conservation by providing important floral resources. We observed more bees visiting pollinator gardens than ornamental gardens or lawns across the full urban-rural gradient, with this pattern being most pronounced for honey bees. Based on these results, we suggest that a continued emphasis on pollinator garden registration programs may be an effective strategy for bee conservation, but recommend an increased focus on native bees.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tqjq2bw39
Description of the data and file structure
This dataset contains information about native bees and other pollinators observed in registered pollinator gardens, ornamental gardens, and lawns located along an urban-rural gradient in the Greater Chicago Area. For bees collected in bee bowls, counts of each species are provided. For pollinators observed through visual surveys, counts are provided of honey bees, bumblebee species, and several broad pollinator groups. Information about land use/land cover and impervious surface cover in the area surrounding study sites is also included. Additionally, site-level and observation-level covariates are included. The dataset is associated with a study that will be published in the journal Ecological Applications.
Files and variables
Data_Pollinator_Gardens_on_Urbanization_Gradient_V2.csv
Description: Data set including information about native bees and other pollinators observed in registered pollinator gardens, ornamental gardens, and lawns located along an urban-rural gradient in the Greater Chicago Area
Variables
- Site: A unique name assigned to each study site.
- Site Number: A number assigned to each study site.
- Set: Sites were arranged in sets of three, with each set including a registered pollinator garden, an ornamental garden, and a lawn. This column indicates which set each study site belongs to.
- Area: Area of each site in square feet.
- Round: Each site was sampled multiple times over the course of the field season. The first time each site was sampled is referred to as round 1, the second time as round 2, etc.
- Date: The date on which sampling occurred.
- Year: The year in which sampling occurred.
- Site_Year_Round: Includes the site number, the year in which sampling occurred, and the round number.
- Obs_Number: A unique identifier that attaches a number to each survey that was conducted
- DOY: The day of the year in which sampling occurred.
- MOD: The minute of the day at which the 30-minute visual pollinator survey began.
- Wind: Wind speed is categorized based on the Beaufort Scale.
- Clouds: Cloud cover categorized as "Clear" or "Partly Cloudy." Data was not collected during overcast weather.
- Temp-At-Time: The temperature in Fahrenheit at the time at which the 30-minute visual pollinator survey began.
- Temp-High: The daily high temperature on the day that sampling occurred.
- SiteType: "Pollinator" refers to pollinator gardens. All pollinator gardens are registered Monarch Waystations. "Ornamental" refers to ornamental gardens. These were flowering plots that were not registered as pollinator gardens. "Lawn" refers to regularly mowed areas in which vegetation consists mainly of grasses, clover, and other herbaceous plants.
- Flower Richness: The number of flower species with open blossoms observed in the study site.
- Number Plants: The total number of plants with open blossoms observed in the study site.
- Number Flowers: The total number of open blossoms observed in the study site.
- ImperSurf_250m, ImperSurf_500m, ImperSurf_750m, ImperSurf_1km, ImperSurf_2km: These variables refer to the percent cover of impervious surface in the landscape surrounding each study site within the distance specified.
- CatUrb_750m, CatUrb_2km: A categorical variable identifying each site as "Urban," "Suburban," or "Rural" based on the impervious surface cover within the surrounding landscape. Study sites with < 20% impervious surface cover in the surrounding landscape at the distance specified were categorized as “rural,” sites with 20%-50% impervious surface cover as “suburban,” and sites with > 50% impervious surface cover as “urban.”
- LULC_250m_PerCov_Urb, LULC_500m_PerCov_Urb, LULC_750m_PerCov_Urb, LULC_1km_PerCov_Urb, LULC_2km_PerCov_Urb: The percent cover of land categorized as "urban" within the specified distance of each study site. Categorization was based on 2016 land use/land cover maps created by the National Land Cover Database. NLCD categories "Developed, Open Space," "Developed, Low Intensity," "Developed, Medium Intensity," and "Developed, High Intensity" are included.
- LULC_250m_PerCov_Ag, LULC_500m_PerCov_Ag, LULC_750m_PerCov_Ag, LULC_1km_PerCov_Ag, LULC_2km_PerCov_Ag: The percent cover of land categorized as "agricultural" within the specified distance of each study site. Categorization was based on 2016 land use/land cover maps created by the National Land Cover Database. NLCD categories "Cultivated Crops" and "Pasture/Hay" are included.
- LULC_250m_PerCov_Nat, LULC_500m_PerCov_Nat, LULC_750m_PerCov_Nat, LULC_1km_PerCov_Nat, LULC_2km_PerCov_Nat: The percent cover of land categorized as "semi-natural" within the specified distance of each study site. Categorization was based on 2016 land use/land cover maps created by the National Land Cover Database. NLCD categories "Deciduous Forest," "Evergreen Forest," "Mixed Forest," "Shrub/Scrub," "Grassland/Herbaceous," "Woody Wetlands," and "Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands" are included.
- A mellifera_Vis, Ant_Vis, B auricomus_Vis, B bimaculatus_Vis, B citrinus_Vis, B fervidus_Vis, B griseocollis_Vis, B impatiens_Vis, B pensylvanicus_Vis, B rufocinctus_Vis, B vagans_Vis, Beetle_Vis, Bird_Vis, Unidentified Bombus_Vis, Bug_Vis, Butterfly_Vis, Caterpillar_Vis, Pholcidae_Vis, Dermaptera_Vis, Fly_Vis, Moth_Vis, Odonata_Vis, Orthoptera_Vis, Spider_Vis, Thysanoptera_Vis, Unknown_Vis, Wasp_Vis: The number of individuals belonging to each species or pollinator group that were observed through visual surveys. NA indicates that visual surveys were not conducted during the site visit.
- Bombus Total_Vis: The total number of bumble bees observed through visual surveys.
- Bombus Richness_Vis: The richness of bumble bees observed through visual surveys.
- Other Bee_Vis: The number of bees, not including honey bees and bumble bees, observed through visual surveys.
- Total Bees_Vis: The total number of bees observed through visual surveys.
- Native Bees_Vis: The total number of native bees observed through visual surveys.
- Total Pollinators_Vis: The total number of pollinators observed through visual surveys.
- Agapostemon virescens, Andrena commoda, Andrena hippotes, Andrena wilkella, Anthidium manicatum, Anthidium oblongatum, Anthophora terminalis, Apis mellifera, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochlorella persimilis, Augochloropsis fulgida, Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus citrinus, Bombus fervidus, Bombus impatiens, Calliopsis andreniformis, Ceratina calcarata, Ceratina mikmaqi, Ceratina strenua, Chelostoma philadelphi, Chelostoma rapunculi, Eucera hamata, Halictus confusus, Halictus ligatus, Halictus parallelus, Halictus rubicundus, Heriades carinatus, Hoplitus producta, Hylaeus affinis/modestus, Hylaeus hyalinatus, Hylaeus illinoisensis, Hylaeus mesillae, Lasioglossum "dark admirandum," Lasioglossum acuminatum, Lasioglossum admirandum, Lasioglossum albipenne, Lasioglossum anomalum, Lasioglossum bruneri, Lasioglossum cinctipes, Lasioglossum coeruleum, Lasioglossum coriaceum, Lasioglossum cressonii, Lasioglossum forbesii, Lasioglossum gotham group, Lasioglossum hitchensi, Lasioglossum illinoense, Lasioglossum imitatum, Lasioglossum leucozonium, Lasioglossum macoupinense, Lasioglossum michiganensis, Lasioglossum obscurum, Lasioglossum oenotherae, Lasioglossum paradmirandum, Lasioglossum pectorale, Lasioglossum pilosum, Lasioglossum platyparium, Lasioglossum pruinosum, Lasioglossum tegulare, Lasioglossum truncatum, Lasioglossum versans, Lasioglossum versatum, Lasioglossum zephyrum, Lasioglossum zonulum, Megachile campanulae, Megachile petulans, Megachile rotundata, Melissodes agilis, Melissodes bimaculatus, Melissodes desponsa, Melissodes subillatus, Melissodes trinodis, Melissodes vernonia, Peponapsis pruinosa, Lasioglossum spp, Unknown _Bowls: The number of individuals belonging to each species that were collected in bee bowls.
- Total Bees_Bowls: The total number of bees that were collected in bee bowls.
- Richness_Bowls: The richness of bees collected in bee bowls.
- Abutilon, Abutilon theophrasti, Achillea millefolium, Actaea, Aegopodium, Aesculus parviflora, Aethusa, Agastache, Agastache cana, Agastache Foeniculum, Agastache x 'Blue Fortune', Ageratum, Ageratum houstonianum, Agyranthemum frutescens, Ajuga, Alcea, Alchemilla mollis, Allamanda, Alliaria petiolate, Allium, Allium canadense, Allium moly, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium siculum, Allium stipitatum, Allium cristophii, Amaranthus, Amaryllis belladonna, Amsonia, Amsonia ciliata, Amsonia hubrichtii, Amsonia tabernaemontana, Anaphalis margaritacea. Anemonastrum, Anemone, Anemone sylvestris, Anethum graveolens, Angelonia angustifolia, Antirrhinum majus, Apocynum cannabinum, Aquilegia, Aquilegia canadensis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Armeria, Armeria maritima, Asclepias, Asclepias incarnata, Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias tuberosa, Asclepias verticillate, Aster, Aster novi-belgii, Astilbe, Astilbe x 'Deft Lace', Astrantia major, Azalea, Baptisia, Baptisia alba, Baptisia australis, Begonia, Begonia semperflorens, Begonia x hiemalis, Begonia x tuberhybrida, Borago, Borago officinalis, Brassica oleracea, Brunnera, Buddleia, Buddleia x 'Blue Chip Jr', Buddleia x 'Miss Ruby', Bupleurum rotundifolium, Calamintha nepeta, Calendula officinalis, Calibrachoa, Callistephus chinensis, Calystegia, Camellia, Campanula, Campanula americana, Campanula persicifolia, Campanula poscharskyana, Campanula punctata, Canna indica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum, Capsicum anuum, Carthamus tinctorius, Castilleja, Catharanthus roseus, Ceanothus americanus, Celandine, Celosia, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea montana, Centaurium, Cerastium, Chaenomeles, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Chelidonium majus, Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium. Cichorium intybus, Circaea lutetiana, Cirsium vulgare, Citrullus lanatus, Clematis, Clematis integrifolia, Clematis terniflora, Clematis x 'Stand by Me', Cleome, Cleome hassleriana, Clethra alnifolia, Coleus, Commelina, Commelina communis, Commelina diffusa, Conium maculatum, Convolvulus arvensis, Coreopsis, Coreopsis grandiflora, Coreopsis tripteris, Coreopsis verticillate, Coriandrum sativum, Cornus, Cornus sericea, Corydalis, Corydalis lutea, Cosmos, Cosmos sulphureus, Cotoneaster lucidus, Crepsis tectorum, Crocosmia, Cryptotaenia canadensis, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita, Cucurbita pepo, Cuphea, Cuphea x 'Vermillionaire', Cynanchum leave, Dahlia, Dalea, Dalea purpurea, Dasiphora fruticose, Daucus carota, Delosperma cooperi, Delphinium, Dianthus, Dianthus chinensis, Dianthus plumarius, Diascia, Diervilla lonicera, Digitalis, Digitalis grandiflora, Digitalis purpurea, Dorotheanthus bellidiformis, Duchesnea indica, Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea x 'Cheyenne Spirit', Echinacea x hybrida, Echinacea x 'Tomato Soup', Echinops, Epilobium, Epilobium ciliatum, Erigeron annuus, Erirgeron, Eruca vesicaria, Eryngium yuccifolium, Eucomis, Euonymus alatus, Euphorbia hypercifolia, Eurybia, Eurybia macrophylla, Eutrochium, Eutrochium dubian, Fagopyrum esculentum, Foeniculum vulgare, Fragaria, Fragaria vesca, Fragaria x ananassa, Fuschia, Gaillardia, Galinsoga parviflora, Galium, Galium aparine, Gardenia, Gazania rigens, Gentiana x "True Blue", Geranium, Geranium maculatum, Gerbera, Gerbera jamesonii, Geum canadense, Geum x "Totally Tangerine", Geum x 'Mai Thai', Gladiolus, Glandularia, Glebionis. Glebionis coronaria, Glechoma hederacea, Gypsophila, Helenium, Helianthus, Helianthus annuus, Helianthus tuberosus, Heliopsis, Heliopsis helianthoides, Helleborus, Hemerocallis, Hemerocallis fulva, Hemerocallis x 'Daring Deception', Hemerocallis x 'Sound of My Heart', Hemerocallis x 'Stella de Oro', Heuchera, Hibiscus, Hibiscus x 'Midnight Marvel', Hibiscus moscheutos, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus trionum, Hosta, Houttuynia cordata, Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrangea macrophylla, Hydrangea paniculate, Hydrangea petiolaris, Hydrangea quercifolia, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Hylotelephium spectabile, Hypoestes phyllostachya, Hypoxis, Impatiens, Impatiens capensis, Impatiens hawkeri, Impatiens pallida, Impatiens walleriana. Ipomoea, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea purpurea, Iris, Iris domestica, Itea, Itea virginica, Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Kalanchoe. Knautia macedonica, Lactuca, Lactuca serriola, Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium galeobdolon. Lamium maculatum, Lamprocapnos, Lamprocapnos spectabilis, Lantana, Lantana camara, Lapsana, Lapsana communis, Lavandula, Lavandula angustifolia, Leonurus cardiaca, Lepidium Lepidium draba, Leucanthemum, Leucanthemum x superbum, Levisticum officinale, Liatris, Liatris spicata, Ligularia, Lilium, Lilium lancifolium, Linaria, Lingustrum obtusifolium, Linum grandiflorum. Liriope, Lobelia, Lobelia cardinalis, Lobelia erinus, Lobelia siphilitica, Lobularia maritima, Lobularia x 'Snow Princess', Lonicera, Lonicera maackii, Lonicera sempervirens, Lonicera x heckrottii, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus, Lycoris, Lysimachia, Lysimachia arvensis, Lysimachia ciliata, Lysimachia clethroides, Lysimachia lanceolata, Lysimachia nummularia, Lysimachia punctata, Lythrum salicaria, Maianthemum racemosum, Malva sylvestris, Manettia luteorubra, Matricaria chamomilla, Matricaria discoidea, Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis, Mentha, Mentha longifolia, Mentha spicata, Mentha x piperita, Mertensia virginica, Mikonia scandens, Mimulus, Mimulus ringens, Minuartia, Minuartia patula, Monarda, Monarda citriodora, Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa, Myosotis, Narcissus, Nepeta, Nepeta cataria, Nepeta x faassenii, Nicotiana, Nicotiana alata, Nymphaea, Ocimum basilicum, Oenothera, Oenothera speciosa, Opuntia, Opuntia compressa, Origanum, Origanum herrenhausen, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, Oxalis, Oxalis stricta, Paeonia, Papaver, Papaver somniferum, Parthenium integrifolium, Pelargonium, Pelargonium domesticum, Pelargonium x hortorum, Penstemon, Penstemon barbatus, Penstemon digitalis, Penstemon hirsutus, Pentas lanceolata, Perovskia atriplicifolia, Persicaria maculosa, Persicaria orientalis, Persicaria virginiana, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Petroselinum crispum, Petunia x atkinsiana, Phacelia. Phalaenopsis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phlox, Phlox divaricate, Phlox paniculate, Phlox subulate. Phygelius capensis, Physalis, Physalis philadelphica, Physocarpus, Physocarpus opulifolius, Phytolacca americana, Pimpinella anisum, Pisum sativum, Plantago, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Platycodon grandifloras, Plectranthus x 'Mona Lavender', Polygonatum, Polygonum, Polygonum aviculare, Porteranthus trifoliatus, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca oleracea, Potentilla, Primula, Primula vulgaris, Pulmonaria officinalis, Pycnanthemum, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Ranunculus, Ranunculus repens, Raphanus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Ratibida pinnata, Rhododendron, Rosa, Rosa alba, Rosa carolina, Rosa multiflora, Rosa x 'Knockout', Rubus, Rubus idaeus, Rudbeckia, Rudbeckia hirta, Rudbeckia laciniata, Ruellia humilis, Ruta graveolens, Salvia, Salvia farinacea, Salvia guarantica, Salvia japonica, Salvia nemerosa, Salvia pratensis, Salvia splendens, Salvia verticillate, Sambucus, Sambucus nigra, Scabiosa, Scabiosa atropurpurea, Scaevola aemula, Sedum, Sedum telephium, Senecio, Senecio vulgaris, Sherardia, Sherardia arvensis, Silene latifolia, Silene regia, Silphium, Silphium laciniatum, Silphium perfoliatum, Silphium terebinthinaceum, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Solanum Americanum, Solanum carolinense, Solanum dulcamara, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Solanum rostratum, Solidago, Sonchus, Sonchus oleraceus, Spergularia, Spiranthes, Spirea, Spirea japonica, Stachys, Stachys byzantine, Stachys officinalis, Stachys palustris, Stellaria media, Stokesia laevis, Stylophorum diphyllum, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Symphytum, Syringa, Sysyrinchium, Sisyrinchium angustifolium Tagetes Tagetes erecta Tagetes patula Tanecetum parthenium, Taraxacum, Taraxacum officinale, Thalictrum, Thlaspi arvense, Thunbergia, Thymus, Thymus citriodorus, Thymus vulgaris, Tiarella, Tiarella cordifolia, Torenia, Torilis, Tourenia fournieri, Tradescantia, Trapaeolum, Trifolium, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Triodanis perfoliate, Tulipa, Unknown, Vaccinium corymbosum, Verbascum Thapsus, Verbena, Verbena bonariensis, Verbena bracteate, Verbena hastata, Verbena stricta, Verbena urticifolia, Vernonia, Vernonia fasciculata, Veronica, Veronica arvensis, Veronica longifolia, Veronica spicata, Veronicastrum virginicum, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum dentatum, Vinca, Vinca minor, Vincetoxicum nigrum, Viola, Viola cornuta, Viola tricolor, Viola x wittrockiana, Weigela, Wisteria frutescens, Yucca, Yucca smalliana, Zantedeschia, Zinnia, Zinnia elegans, Zinnia marylandica, Zizia aurea: The number of individuals of each flower species or hybrid variety
- Total Flowers to Species: The total number of flowers at the site that could be identified to the level of species or hybrid variety
- Native Flowers: The number of native flowers observed at the site
- Introduced Flowers: The number of introduced flowers observed at the site
- Artificial Hybrids: The number of hybrid flowers observed at the site
- Proportion Native: The proportion of flowers observed at a site that were native. NA indicates that no open flowers were observed.
- Flowers-No Nectar: The number of flowers that do not provide a source of nectar that were observed at a site
- Flowers-No Pollen: The number of flowers that do not provide a source of pollen that were observed at a site
- Proportion with Nectar: The proportion of flowers observed at a site that provide nectar. NA indicates that no open flowers were observed.
- Proportion with Pollen: The proportion of flowers observed at a site that provide pollen. NA indicates that no open flowers were observed.
Code_Pollinator_Gardens_on_Urbanization_Gradient_V3.R
Description: R Code used for the analysis of this data set.
Code/software
The data is in .csv format and can be viewed in any spreadsheet viewer. The code can be viewed and run in R.
Access information
Data is not currently available at any other publicly accessible locations.
Data was derived from the following sources:
- Personal observations
- Dewitz, J., and U.S. Geological Survey, 2021, National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Products (ver. 3.0, February 2024): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KZCM54.
