Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ttdz08mcd

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains the underlying raw data used to generate the figures in the manuscript. The data files are organized and named to correspond directly with their respective figure numbers in the article.

Files and variables

File: Fig2B_raw.zip

Description: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of aligned piezoelectric PLLA nanofibers and randomly oriented non-piezoelectric PLLA nanofibers

File: Fig2E_PiezoResponse_raw.csv

Description: Piezoelectric responses of aligned and random PLLA nanofiber films under varying applied forces.

Variables

• Force_N_Aligned: Applied Force (N) to Aligned PLLA nanofiber films
• ChargeOutput_pC_Algined: Charge output (pC) of Aligned PLLA nanofiber films
• Force_N_Random: Applied Force (N) to Random PLLA nanofiber films
• ChargeOutput_pC_Random: Charge output (pC) of Random PLLA nanofiber films

File: Fig2C_XRD_raw.csv

Description: X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of aligned and random PLLA nanofiber films

Variables

• Degree_Aligned: degree (2θ)
• Intensity_Aligned: Intensity (a.u.) of Aligned PLLA nanofiber film
• Degree_Random: degree (2θ)
• Intensity_Random: Intensity (a.u.) of Random PLLA nanofiber film

File: Fig2F_MoResistanceChanges_raw.csv

Description: Relative resistance changes of Mo electrodes with and without PLA encapsulation during immersion in PBS at 37 ˚C

Variables

• Time_week: Time (week)
• mOhm_BareMo_S1: Electrical Resistance of Bare Molybdenum sample 1 (mOhm)
• mOhm_BareMo_S2: Electrical Resistance of Bare Molybdenum sample 2 (mOhm)
• mOhm_BareMo_S3: Electrical Resistance of Bare Molybdenum sample 3 (mOhm)
• mOhm_PLAencapsulatedMo_S1: Electrical Resistance of PLA-encapsulated Molybdenum sample 1 (mOhm)
• mOhm_PLAencapsulatedMo_S2: Electrical Resistance of PLA-encapsulated Molybdenum sample 2 (mOhm)
• mOhm_PLAencapsulatedMo_S3: Electrical Resistance of PLA-encapsulated Molybdenum sample 3 (mOhm)

File: Fig2G_DegradationTest_raw.csv

Description: Accelerated degradation of the biodegradable pressure sensor in PBS at 60 ˚C

Variables

• Time_week: Time (week)
• RemainingWeight_g_Sample1: Remaining weight of the sensor sample 1 (g)
• RemainingWeight_g_Sample2: Remaining weight of the sensor sample 2 (g)
• RemainingWeight_g_Sample3: Remaining weight of the sensor sample 3 (g)

File: Fig3B_CellViability_raw.csv

Description: Viability of BMSCs seeded with the biodegradable sensor compared with control (cells only) at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days

Variables

• Time_day: Time (day)
• Control_1: Cell viability of Control (cell only) sample 1 (%)
• Control_2: Cell viability of Control (cell only) sample 2 (%)
• Control_3: Cell viability of Control (cell only) sample 3 (%)
• Control_4: Cell viability of Control (cell only) sample 4 (%)
• Control_5: Cell viability of Control (cell only) sample 5 (%)
• Sensor_1: Cell viability of Experimental group (sensor + cell) sample 1 (%)
• Sensor_2: Cell viability of Experimental group (sensor + cell) sample 2 (%)
• Sensor_3: Cell viability of Experimental group (sensor + cell) sample 3 (%)
• Sensor_4: Cell viability of Experimental group (sensor + cell) sample 4 (%)
• Sensor_5: Cell viability of Experimental group (sensor + cell) sample 5 (%)

File: Fig2I_ExplantedKneeJointTest_raw.csv

Description: Comparison of knee joint loading signals recorded by the PLLA sensor and the commercial sensor

Variables

• Time_s_Biodegradable: Measured Time (s) using Biodegradable sensor
• Pressure_kPa_Biodegradable: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Biodegradable sensor
• Time_s_Commercial: Measured Time (s) using Commercial sensor
• Pressure_kPa_Commercial: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Commercial sensor

File: Fig3A_Hemolysis_raw.xlsx

Description: Hemolysis testing of PLLA, Mo, and the combination of PLLA and Molybdenum (Mo), with normal saline (negative control) and deionized water (positive control)

File: Fig3D_raw.zip

Description: Relative gene expression of chondrogenic markers COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9 in BMSCs cultured with the biodegradable sensor and without the sensor (control), along with Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) content

File: Fig3C_raw.zip

Description: Live/dead cell imaging assay of BMSCs incubated with the biodegradable sensor and without the sensor (control). Live cells are stained green, dead cells are stained red.

File: Fig4A_FunctionalLifetime_raw.zip

Description: Pressure-sensing response of differential and single-ended configurations during immersion in PBS at 37 ˚C, monitored for 11 weeks (W0, 2, 4, 9, 11). Prior to the experiment, the sensors were pre-calibrated to convert their voltage outputs to pressure readings.

File: Fig4B_RelativePerformanceChange_raw.csv

Description: Comparative pressure-sensing response of differential and single-ended configurations during immersion in PBS at 37 ˚C, monitored for 11 weeks

Variables

• W0: Performance change (%) at Week 0
• W2: Performance change (%) at Week 2
• W4: Performance change (%) at Week 4
• W9: Performance change (%) at Week 9
• W11: Performance change (%) at Week 11

File: Fig4D_RelativeFunctionalDegradation_raw.csv

Description: Relative functional degradation of implanted biodegradable sensors over time, compared with an external commercial sensor

Variables

• W0: Relative functional degradation (%) at Week 0
• W4: Relative functional degradation (%) at Week 4
• W7: Relative functional degradation (%) at Week 7
• W8: Relative functional degradation (%) at Week 8

File: Fig5D_RabbitBriefStanceTransitions_raw.csv

Description: Representative recordings from an implanted sensor in a rabbit during brief stance transitionsVariables

• Time_s: Time (s)
• Pressure_kPa: Measured Pressure (kPa)

File: Fig5F_RabbitKneeJointLoading_raw.csv

Description: Evaluation of knee joint loading pressure under stationary and moving conditions using data from an implanted sensor

Variables

• Pressure_kPa_Stance1: Measured Pressure during brief stance (resting and movement), independent case 1
• Pressure_kPa_Stance2: Measured Pressure during brief stance (resting and movement), independent case 2
• Pressure_kPa_Stance3: Measured Pressure during brief stance (resting and movement), independent case 3
• Pressure_kPa_Stance4: Measured Pressure during brief stance (resting and movement), independent case 4
• Pressure_kPa_Stance5: Measured Pressure during brief stance (resting and movement), independent case 5

File: Fig5E_RabbitContinuousWeightBearing_raw.csv

Description: Representative recordings from an implanted sensor in a rabbit during continuous weight-bearing stances–resting, body partially supported by forelimbs, brief standing, and hopping and standing

Variables

• Time_s: Time (s)
• Pressure_kPa: Measured Pressure (kPa)

File: Fig4E_SubQImplantPerformance_raw.csv

Description: Performance of implanted sensors with piezoelectric PLLA films up to 8 weeks.

Variables

• Time_s_Biodegradable_W0: Time (s) at week 0
• Pressure_kPa_Biodegradable_W0: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Biodegradable sensor at week 0
• Time_s_Commercial_W0: Time (s) at week 0
• Pressure_kPa_Commercial_W0: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Commercial sensor at week 0
• Time_s_Biodegradable_W7: Time (s) at week 7
• Pressure_kPa_Biodegradable_W7: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Biodegradable sensor at week 7
• Time_s_Commercial_W7: Time (s) at week 7
• Pressure_kPa_Commercial_W7: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Commercial sensor at week 7
• Time_s_Biodegradable_W8: Time (s) at week 8
• Pressure_kPa_Biodegradable_W8: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Biodegradable sensor at week 8
• Time_s_Commercial_W8: Time (s) at week 8
• Pressure_kPa_Commercial_W8: Measured Pressure (kPa) using Commercial sensor at week 8

File: Fig5G_raw.zip

Description: Histological evaluation of femoral and tibial cartilage using H&E and Safranin O/Fast Green staining in the implantation group and the control (no implantation) group at one month

File: Fig5H_ICRS_raw.csv

Description: Quantitative assessment was performed using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) histological scoring system.

File: SFig1A_DynamicRange_raw.csv

Description: Dynamic range of the piezoelectric response. Inset: representative charge output signal.

Variables

• Force_N: Applied Force (N) to the sensor
• ChargeOutput_pC: Charge output (pC) of the sensor
• Linear Fitting_1: Linear fitting line in the first region
• Linear Fitting_2: Linear fitting line in the second region

File: SFig1B_HysteresisTest_raw.csv

Description: Hysteresis test of the piezoelectric response under cyclic loading. The force was swept for 10 cycles, with 40 N applied at 1 Hz.

Variables

• Force_N_Cycle1: Applied Force (N) to the sensor during Cycle 1
• ChargeOutput_pC_Cycle1: Charge output (pC) of the sensor during Cycle 1
• Force_N_Cycle5: Applied Force (N) to the sensor during Cycle 5
• ChargeOutput_pC_Cycle5: Charge output (pC) of the sensor during Cycle 5
• Force_N_Cycle10: Applied Force (N) to the sensor during Cycle 10
• ChargeOutput_pC_Cycle10: Charge output (pC) of the sensor during Cycle 10

File: SFig1D_LinearRegressionAnalysis_raw.csv

Description: Linear regression analysis between the biodegradable sensor and the reference sensor demonstrates a strong correlation.

Variables

• BiodegradableSensor_Output_N: Measured output pressure (N) using the biodegradable sensor
• ReferenceSensor_Output_N: Measured output pressure (N) using Reference sensor

File: SFig1C_FrequencyDependency_raw.csv

Description: Representative charge output signals of the sensor at different force frequencies.

Variables

• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_0.8Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 0.8Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_0.9Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 0.9Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_1.0Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 1.0Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_1.1Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 1.1Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_1.2Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 1.2Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_1.5Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 1.5Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_1.8Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 1.8Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_2.0Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 2.0Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_3.0Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 3.0Hz
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_5.0Hz: Charge output of the sensor (pC) at 5.0Hz

File: SFig3B_FatigueQuantitativeAnalysis_raw.csv

Description: Quantitative analysis of signal retention as a function of cycle number.

Variables

• ChargeOutput_pC_Initial: Charge output (pC) during initial measurement 
• ChargeOutput_pC_8000: Charge output (pC) after 8000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_12000: Charge output (pC) after 12000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_28000: Charge output (pC) after 28000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_44000: Charge output (pC) after 44000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_52000: Charge output (pC) after 52000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_56000: Charge output (pC) after 56000 cycles
• ChargeOutput_pC_60000: Charge output (pC) after 60000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_Initial: Signal retention (%) during initial measurement 
• SignalRetention_%_8000: Signal retention (%) after 8000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_12000: Signal retention (%) after 12000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_28000: Signal retention (%) after 28000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_44000: Signal retention (%) after 44000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_52000: Signal retention (%) after 52000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_56000: Signal retention (%) after 56000 cycles
• SignalRetention_%_60000: Signal retention (%) after 6000 cycles

File: SFig4B_IntracranialPressure_raw.csv

Description: Comparison of simulated intracranial pressure recordings obtained from the biodegradable sensor and the commercial sensor.

Variables

• Time_s_Biodegradable: Time (s)
• Pressure_mmHg_Biodegradable: Measured pressure (mmHg) using Biodegradable sensor
• Time_s_Commercial: Time (s)
• Pressure_mmHg_Commercial: Measured pressure (mmHg) using Commercial sensor

File: SFig6_SubQImplantNonPiezoelectricPerformance_raw.csv

Description: Performance of a biodegradable sensor with non-piezoelectric PLLA film, subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal region of a rat.

Variables

• Time_s_Biodegradable: Time (s)
• Pressure_kPa_Biodegradable: Measured pressure (kPa) using Biodegradable sensor
• Time_s_Commercial: Time (s)
• Pressure_kPa_Commercial: Measured pressure (kPa) using Commercial sensor

File: SFig7B_BaselineNoiseAnalysis_raw.csv

Description: Comparison of baseline noise amplitude for the implanted sensor with grounding and without grounding.

Variables

• WithGrounding: Baseline noise amplitude (mV) of the sensor with grounding
• WithoutGrounding: Baseline noise amplitude (mV) of the sensor without grounding

File: SFig7A_BaselineNoise_raw.csv

Description: Representative baseline signals of the implanted biodegradable sensor recorded with and without grounding to the rat

Variables

• Time_s_WithGrounding: Time (s)
• Output_V_WithGrounding: Baseline (V) using Biodegradable sensor with grounding
• Time_s_WithoutGrounding: Time (s)
• Output_V_WithoutGrounding: Baseline (V) using Biodegradable sensor without grounding

File: SFig5AB_BaselineNoise_raw.csv

Description: Baseline noise of the biodegradable sensor signals. Representative steady-state baseline signals of the single-ended configuration and the differential configuration.

Variables

• Time_s_SingleEnded: Time (s)
• Baseline_mV_SingleEnded: Baseline (mV) using Biodegradable sensor with single-ended configuration
• Time_s_Differential: Time (s)
• Baseline_mV_Differential: Baseline (mV) using Biodegradable sensor with differential configuration

File: SFig7C_BaselineChange_raw.csv

Description: Baseline drift over time is measured directly using an oscilloscope.

Variables

• Time_Minute: time (minute)
• BaselineChange_mV: Baseline change (mV)

File: SFig10D_BluetoothModuleWeight_raw.csv

Description: Weight of the retrieved modules from the animals.

Variables

• BluetoothModule: Weight of the Bluetooth modules (g)

File: SFig7D_BluetoothBaselineStability_raw.csv

Description: Baseline stability of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal over time.

Variables

• Time_s_0hr: Cumulative Time (hour)
• Voltage_V_0hr: Baseline (V) of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal during the initial time
• Time_s_23hr: Cumulative Time (hour)
• Voltage_V_23hr:  Baseline (V) of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal after 23 hours
• Time_s_48hr: Cumulative Time (hour)
• Voltage_V_48hr:  Baseline (V) of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal after 48 hours
• Time_s_96hr: Cumulative Time (hour)
• Voltage_V_96hr:  Baseline (V) of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal after 96 hours
• Time_s_116hr: Cumulative Time (hour)
• Voltage_V_116hr:  Baseline (V) of the Bluetooth-transmitted signal after 116 hours

File: SFig3A_FatigueTest_raw.csv

Description: Representative 10-s output signals for each cycle. The sensor was immersed in PBS at 37 ˚C and subjected to a constant 40 N external force.

Variables

• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_initial:
• Time_s: Charge output (pC) during initial measurement
• ChargeOutput_pC_8000: Charge output (pC) after 8000 cycles
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_12000: Charge output (pC) after 12000 cycles 
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_28000: Charge output (pC) after 28000 cycles 
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_44000: Charge output (pC) after 44000 cycles 
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_52000: Charge output (pC) after 52000 cycles 
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_56000: Charge output (pC) after 56000 cycles 
• Time_s: Time (s)
• ChargeOutput_pC_60000: Charge output (pC) after 60000 cycles 

File: SFig8_raw.zip

Description: Histological analysis of rat skin using H&E staining. Representative images show rat skins (A) without implantation and (B-D) with sensor implantation (8 weeks post-implantation). (C-D) Higher magnification images of skin at the implantation site show rare scattered mature lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and occasional histiocytes.

File: StatsForAllFigs.xlsx

Description: Statistical data for all figures

File: SFig11_raw.zip

Description: Representative H&E-stained sections used for blinded synovitis scoring in the synovial membrane with (A) no implantation and (B) the sensor implant. At one month post-implantation, the tissue section shows a mild, localized foreign body reaction characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. The overall synovial architecture is preserved, with no evidence of apoptosis or necrosis. (C) Quantitative assessment of synovitis using the Krenn synovitis scoring system.