These are data that were analyzed for the taxonomic assignments for the 3.75 Ma to 1.09 Ma hominin postcanine teeth from the Usno Formation and the Shungura Formation, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia. The dataset includes the linear dimensions, the morphological scores, and the 2-dimensional occlusal areas of the postcanine teeth from the Omo. We also include the linear dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions) for the comparative sample (hominin fossils that provide important taxonomic context) that were primarily culled from the literature.

For the Omo hominin sample:

The maximum mesiodistal (MD) lengths and maximum buccolingual (BL) breadths for the Omo teeth were measured by L. Hlusko using Mitutoyo calipers from the original fossils at the Ethiopian Heritage Authority in Addis Ababa. For molars, we report and analyze the BL breadth across the mesial cusps. Each measurement was collected three times, the average used as the data point. If a portion of a crown was broken or heavily worn, compromising our ability to determine the actual dimension of the crown, we did not record that measurement. For the MD dimensions, many of the crowns have interstitial wear. Our MD dimensions report the actual length of the crown as it currently is; we did not attempt to correct for the wear. We excluded measurements from overly-worn (>1mm) Omo teeth.

Cusp area data were collected by Ian Towle from the photographs of the original specimens taken by Franck Guy. When photographed, each molar was oriented so that the occlusal crown area was maximized (e.g., Grine et al. 2009). The orientation that best captured the occlusal view horizontal to the camera lens was used for measuring cusp areas. The occlusal images of complete molars were analyzed using ImageJ software (Schindelin et al. 2015). Individual images were uploaded into ImageJ and calibrated using the set scale function by measuring the millimeters scale bar in each image. Outlines were drawn separately around each cusp following Brophy et al. (2021) and Bailey et al. (2004). Similar methodology has been employed in a variety of samples (e.g., Martín-Albaladejo et al. 2017; Quam et al. 2009; Suwa et al. 1994). The occlusal areas of the ‘main’ cusps were calculated (paracone, protocone, metacone, and hypocone for the upper molars, and the protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid and hypoconulid for the lower molars; see Fig. 3). All cusp areas were then summed to obtain a total crown area (following Bailey et al. 2004; Wood et al. 1983). If required, corrections of the cusp outlines were made to account for loss of tissue, especially in interproximal regions. This reconstruction was performed in ImageJ following Bailey (2004). If accessory cusps were present, they were divided equally between the adjacent ‘main’ cusps following Wood et al. (1983). Each cusp was measured to the nearest 1 mm², following Kondo and Townsend (2006). Individual cusp areas were defined by following the main fissures of the occlusal surface. Crowns in which occlusal fissures were completely removed through wear were not recorded, following Grine et al. (2009). However, if substantial areas of the main fissures were eroded by wear but the course of each could be estimated, we extrapolated the course based on the preserved part of the fissures (following Gómez‐Robles et al. 2011). Relative cusp areas were calculated by dividing the absolute area of each cusp by the total crown area.

Morphological scores were collected following the methodology outlined in Martinón-Torres et al. (2012), in which a subset of ASUDAS traits (including some altered trait categories) are recorded for each specimen, with other ASUDAS traits from Turner et al. (1991) added for particular features/teeth. For this study, we recorded 37 traits that are described in Table 5 of the corresponding manuscript/publication. Specimens were scored twice by the same author (Marina Martínez de Pinillos), first using the high-resolution casts and then from photographs of the original specimens. We only included teeth in the morphological analysis if they had all traits scored.

For the Comparative Sample:

The comparative dataset of mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of hominin postcanine teeth was culled from the published literature by Leslea Hlusko with assistance from Mario Modesto-Mata, Ian Towle, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, and Arthur Thiebaut. These comparative data consist of measurements taken by T.D. White, L.J. Hlusko, and culled from the following citations (Tobias & Koenigswald 1964; Tobias 1967; Jacob 1973; White 1977, 1980; Johanson et al. 1982; Wood & Van Noten 1986; Leakey & Walker 1988; Kyauka & Ndessokia 1990; Tobias 1991; Wood 1991; Schrenk et al. 1993; Walker & Leakey 1993; Kimbel et al. 1994; Brunet et al. 1995; Gabunia & Vekua 1995; Kimbel et al. 1997; Suwa et al. 1997; Asfaw et al. 1999; Kullmer 1999; White et al. 2000; Brown et al. 2001; Ward et al. 2001; Blumenschine et al., 2003; Prat et al. 2003; Kimbel et al 2004; Kaifu et al. 2005; Semaw et al. 2005; White et al. 2006; Kaifu et al. 2007; Spoor et al. 2007; Martinón-Torres et al. 2008; Haile-Selassie & WoldeGabriel 2009; Haile-Selassie et al. 2010; Harrison 2011; Zaim et al. 2011; Clarke 2012; Leakey et al. 2012; Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2013; Ward et al. 2013; Zanolli et al. 2014; Haile-Selassie & Melillo 2015; Haile-Selassie et al. 2015; Simpson et al. 2015; White et al. 2015; Haile-Selassie et al. 2016; Xing et al. 2016; Grine et al. 2019; Noerwidi 2020; Skinner et al. 2020; Melillo et al. 2021; Xing et al. 2021; Villmoare et al. 2025.

In total, 367 specimens are included, representing 820 teeth. This datasheet includes the reference to the published article from which we culled the data. Each specimen is listed by specimen number and includes the taxonomic assignment given to it in the cited publication. We also include the taxonomic label that we used for this specimen in our analysis for the Omo fossils, as well as the tooth position. In our analyses, we keep Australopithecus deyiremeda separate in the species-level analyses. However, given the high degree of overlap in size and shape with Au. afarensis and the small number of individuals attributed to other Late Pliocene species, we use a taxonomic category that we call “Australopithecus Late Pliocene” (Australopithecus LP, or Au. LP) that includes Australopithecus afarensis, Au. bahrelghazali, and Kenyanthropus platyops. We also combine all of the fossils from eastern Africa that have been identified to early Homo, such as H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, into one category called “Homo early eastern Africa” (Homo EEA). For this comparative sample, when the source from which we culled the measurements included an estimation of the mesiodistal length that corrected for interproximal wear, we used this reconstructed length estimate. Our aim is to capture the biological potential and variation observed within each taxon. In contrast, our measurements of the Omo fossils record the actual mesiodistal length as we did not attempt to correct for interstitial wear. Consequently, our mesiodistal dimensions are, by and large, within a millimeter of the actual crown mesiodistal length. The reader is cautioned to place a buffer around the edges of the observed variation for both the comparative and our Omo mesiodistal measurements.

We did not include P₃ mesiodistal or buccolingual dimensions for the two species of Ardipithecus nor for Au. anamensis in our comparative analyses. The morphology of these early hominin P₃s is distinct from the later, more derived hominins (Suwa et al. 2009 SOM). Consequently, the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions are not directly comparable. Therefore, Ardipithecus is not included in analyses of P₃ linear metrics. Additionally, the genus-level analyses of P₃ metrics for Australopithecus do not include Au. anamensis. The exclusion of the linear measurements that capture this ancestral morphology is further justified in that none of the Omo specimens demonstrate this geologically older morphology.

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