Data from: Sequential appetite suppression by oral and visceral feedback to the brainstem
Data files
Dec 22, 2025 version files 107.18 KB
-
Figure_1_Data.xlsx
17.80 KB
-
Figure_2_Data.xlsx
26.03 KB
-
Figure_3_Data.xlsx
12.41 KB
-
Figure_4_Data.xlsx
14.18 KB
-
Figure_5_Data.xlsx
16.26 KB
-
Figure_6_Data.xlsx
13.92 KB
-
README.md
6.58 KB
Abstract
The termination of a meal is controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the caudal brainstem. A key challenge is to understand how these circuits transform the sensory signals generated during feeding into dynamic control of behaviour. The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) is the first site in the brain where many meal-related signals are sensed and integrated, but how the cNTS processes ingestive feedback during behaviour is unknown. Here, we describe how prolactin-releasing hormone (PRLH) and GCG neurons, two principal cNTS cell types that promote non-aversive satiety, are regulated during ingestion. PRLH neurons showed sustained activation by visceral feedback when nutrients were infused into the stomach, but these sustained responses were substantially reduced during oral consumption. Instead, PRLH neurons shifted to a phasic activity pattern that was time-locked to ingestion and linked to the taste of food. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that PRLH neurons control the duration of seconds-timescale feeding bursts, revealing a mechanism by which orosensory signals feed back to restrain the pace of ingestion. By contrast, GCG neurons were activated by mechanical feedback from the gut, tracked the amount of food consumed and promoted satiety that lasted for tens of minutes. These findings reveal that sequential negative feedback signals from the mouth and gut engage distinct circuits in the caudal brainstem, which in turn control elements of feeding behaviour operating on short and long timescales.
This readme file provides instructions on reproducing the results presented in the research article titled "Sequential appetite suppression by oral and visceral feedback to the brainstem," published by Ly et al. in Nature, 2023. The article can be accessed at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06758-2. We have submitted our raw data for main figure 1 (Figure_1_Data.xlsx), main figure 2 (Figure_2_Data.xlsx), main figure 3 (Figure_3_Data.xlsx), main figure 4 (Figure_4_Data.xlsx), main figure 5 (Figure_5_Data.xlsx), and main figure 6 (Figure_6_Data.xlsx).
Descriptions
Figure 1 Data
* Figure 1b
* Mean z-score 0-30 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during intragastric infusions for individual animals
* Figure 1c
* Mean z-score 0-10 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during oral ingestion for individual animals
* Figure 1d
* Pearson Correlation Coefficient: Correlation between total licks and calcium activity for individual animals
* Figure 1e
* Time to 50% max z-score: time in minutes to half of maximum z-scored change in activity during oral ingestion or IG infusion of glucose
* Time to 50% food intake: time in minutes to half of total food intake during oral ingestion or IG infusion of glucose.
* Figure 1f
* Time to 50% max z-score: time in minutes to half of maximum z-scored change in activity during oral ingestion or IG infusion of Intralipid
* Time to 50% food intake: time in minutes to half of total food intake during oral ingestion or IG infusion of Intralipid
* Figure 1g
* Mean z-score 0-30 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during intragastric infusions of Intralipid
* Figure 1h
* Mean z-score 0-30 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during oral ingestion of Intralipid
Figure 2 Data
* Figure 2b
* Pearson Correlation Coefficient: Correlation between cumulative licks performed in the preceding time interval and calcium activity for individual animals
* Figure 2f
* Mean z-score 0-10 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during lick bouts for individual animals
* Figure 2g
* Pearson Correlation Coefficient: Correlation between instantaneous lick rate and calcium activity for individual animals
* Figure 2h
* Slope (coefficient): relationship between average z-score per lick bout and bout size (number of licks)
Figure 3 Data
* Figure 3b
* Mean z-score 0-30 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity after CCK injection for individual animals
* Figure 3c
* Mean z-score 0-10 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during glucose lick bouts for individual animals
* Figure 3d
* Mean z-score 0-10 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during sucralose lick bouts for individual animals
* Figure 3j
* Population weighted z-score: Fraction of neurons activated multiplied by their z-scored activity change
Figure 4 Data
*Figure 4b
* Ensure consumption (mL): Total volume of Ensure consumption during laser or no laser trials
* Bout size (number of licks): Average number of licks per lick bout during laser or no laser trials
* Bout number: Total number of lick bouts during laser or no laser trials
*Figure 4c
* Ensure consumption (mL): Total volume of Ensure consumption during laser or no laser trials
* Bout size (number of licks): Average number of licks per lick bout during laser or no laser trials
* Bout number: Total number of lick bouts during laser or no laser trials
*Figure 4g
* Preference ratio: Licks from bottle 1 divided by total licks
* Total licks: Total number of licks from bottle 1 and bottle 2
*Figure 4h
* Preference ratio: Licks from bottle 1 divided by total licks
* Total licks: Total number of licks from bottle 1 and bottle 2
Figure 5 Data
* Figure 5a
* Mean z-score 0-5 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during lick bouts for individual animals
* Figure 5b
* Mean z-score 0-30 min: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during oral ingestion for individual animals
* Figure 5c
* Mean z-score 0-5 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during each brief access trial
* Figure 5d
* Mean z-score 0-60 seconds: Average z-scored change in calcium activity during each access trial
* Figure 5e
* Calories: total food intake during 10 minutes of food access (kilocalories)
* Z-score: average z-scored change in activity after food removal/ average z-score during food access
* Figure 5f
* Calories: total food intake during 10 minutes of food access (kilocalories)
* Z-score: average z-scored change in activity after food removal/ average z-score during food access
Figure 6 Data
* Figure 6c
* Ensure consumption (mL): Total volume of Ensure consumption during laser or no laser trials
* Bout size (number of licks): Average number of licks per lick bout during laser or no laser trials
* Bout number: Total number of lick bouts during laser or no laser trials
* Figure 6f
* Ensure consumption (mL): Total volume of Ensure consumption during laser or no laser trials
* Bout size (number of licks): Average number of licks per lick bout during laser or no laser trials
* Bout number: Total number of lick bouts during laser or no laser trials
* Figure 6g
* Pre-stim duration (minutes): duration of laser stimulation before food access
* Chow intake (grams): total food intake after laser pre-stimulation
* Figure 6i
* Ensure consumption (mL): Total volume of Ensure consumption during laser or no laser trials
* Bout size (number of licks): Average number of licks per lick bout during laser or no laser trials
* Bout number: Total number of lick bouts during laser or no laser trials
Sharing/Access information
The data was collected in a research laboratory (Knight Lab at UCSF): https://knightlab.ucsf.edu/.
The graphical displays of this source data can be found at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06758-2.
Code/Software
GraphPad Prism version 9 and 10 was used to perform statistical tests with the source data to produce the results in the manuscript published online at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06758-2.