Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30 000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% vs. a minimum nearest-neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode index numbers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases, while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total). A few other species (26) were involved in BIN merges or in a combination of merges and splits. There was only a weak relationship between the number of specimens analysed for a species and its BIN count. However, three species were clear outliers with their specimens being placed in 11–22 BINs. Although all BIN splits need further study to clarify the taxonomic status of the entities involved, DNA barcodes discriminated 98% of the 1018 species. The present survey conservatively revealed 16 species new to science, 52 species new to Canada and major range extensions for 426 species. However, if most BIN splits detected in this study reflect cryptic taxa, the true species count for Canadian spiders could be 30–50% higher than currently recognized.
Matrices of Pairwise Genetic Distances for 339 Spider Species
Spiders were collected from locations across Canada by various collectors. Sequencing was performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the sequences uploaded to BOLD Systems. Sequence data was obtained by Sujeevan Ratnasingham from BOLD Systems and compiled as a matrix.
Matrices_gen.zip
Matrices of Pairwise Geographic Distances for 339 Spider Species
Spiders were collected from locations across Canada by various collectors. GPS coordinates were obtained at the time of collection, or looked up at a later date on Google Earth based on name of collection location. Coordinate data was obtained by Sujeevan Ratnasingham from BOLD Systems and compiled as a matrix.
Matrices_geo.zip
Aligned COI Sequences for 27,269 Spider Specimens
Spiders were collected from locations across Canada by various collectors. Sequencing was performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the sequences uploaded to BOLD Systems. Sequence data was obtained by James Robertson from BOLD Systems and aligned using mafft with the following parameters:
mafft --auto --thread 3 --op 4 --ep 2 --reorder.
spiders_aligned.fas.zip
BOLD neighbour-joining tree (K2P) for all 27,269 COI sequences >500 bp from spiders collected in Canada
Spiders were collected from locations across Canada by various collectors. Sequencing was performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the sequences uploaded to BOLD Systems. Sequence data was obtained and a Taxon ID Tree was created by Jeremy deWaard on BOLD Systems using a Kimura 2 Parameter Distance Model. Sequences were aligned using the BOLD Aligner.
FigS1.pdf
Newick file - BOLD neighbour-joining tree (K2P) for all 27,269 COI sequences >500 bp from spiders collected in Canada
Spiders were collected from locations across Canada by various collectors. Sequencing was performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the sequences uploaded to BOLD Systems. Sequence data was obtained and a Taxon ID Tree was created by Jeremy deWaard on BOLD Systems using a Kimura 2 Parameter Distance Model. Sequences were aligned using the BOLD Aligner. Data file is a Newick tree file downloaded from BOLD.
FigS1.nwk.nwk