The breve species group includes closely related Bembidion Latreille ground beetles commonly found at high elevation in the mountains of western North America. For several decades, the group has been considered to consist of two species. Here, we present evidence from morphological, molecular and geographic data that the group contains nine species: Bembidion ampliatum, B. breve, B. geopearlis, B. laxatum, B. lividulum, B. oromaia, B. saturatum, B. testatum and B. vulcanix. We describe three species (B. geopearlis, B. oromaia and B. vulcanix) as new and resurrect four previously synonymized names (B. ampliatum, B. lividulum, B. saturatum and B. testatum). Species diversity is highest throughout the Cascades in Oregon and Washington, and Sierra Nevada of California, where up to seven species can occur in sympatry. We resolved challenging nomenclatural issues through analysis of sequences obtained from century-old type specimens by using a novel application of rDNA copy number analysis – an approach that may prove useful for other historical specimens.
breve.group.revision.10
The Mesquite file used to infer gene trees for the five genes analyzed in the study.
Beauti.breve.STACEY.6.500M
Input file used in STACEY species delimitation analysis as implemented in BEAST (file in readable by BEAUTI under the STACEY template option).
Bembidion_aeruginosum_DNA3890_rDNA
Reference sequence of the ribosomal DNA cistron taken from a de novo assembly of the sister taxon to the breve group, Bembidion aeruginosum. This reference sequence was used in the read mapping analyses to produce copy number profiles of the rDNA.
ReadMapping.LIB0208.B.laxatum.DNA4918
A SAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion laxatum (Maddison voucher DNA4918) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0248.B.laxatum.DNA4149
A SAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion laxatum (Maddison voucher DNA4149) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0249.B.ampliatum.DNA4245
A SAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion ampliatum (Maddison voucher DNA4245) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0250.B.ampliatum.DNA3593
A SAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion ampliatum (Maddison voucher DNA3593) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0245.B.lividulum.DNA4165
A BAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion lividulum (Maddison voucher DNA4165) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0243.B.lividulum.DNA4165.BAM
ReadMapping.LIB0245.B.lividulum.DNA5032
A BAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from Bembidion lividulum (Maddison voucher DNA5032) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.
ReadMapping.LIB0182.B.lividulum.Lectotype.DNA4889
A SAM file with the results of mapping shotgun sequencing reads (available on SRA) from the electrotype of Bembidion lividulum Casey 1918 (Maddison voucher DNA4889) to a reference sequence (included in this submission) of B. aeruginosum.