Sexual dimorphism is a common feature of animals, and selection for sexually dimorphic traits may affect both functional morphological traits and organismal performance. Trait evolution through natural selection can also vary across environments. However, whether the evolution of organismal performance is distinct between the sexes is rarely tested in a phylogenetic comparative context. Anurans commonly exhibit sexual size dimorphism, which may affect jumping performance given the effects of body size on locomotion. They also live in a wide variety of microhabitats. Yet the relationships among dimorphism, performance, and ecology remain underexamined in anurans. Here, we explore relationships between microhabitat use, body size, and jumping performance in males and females to determine the drivers of dimorphic patterns in jumping performance. Using methods for predicting jumping performance through anatomical measurements, we describe how fecundity selection and natural selection associated with body size and microhabitat have likely shaped female jumping performance. We found that the magnitude of sexual size dimorphism (where females are about 14% larger than males) was much lower than dimorphism in muscle volume, where females had 42% more muscle than males (after accounting for body size). Despite these sometimes-large averages, phylogenetic t-tests failed to show statistical significance of sexual dimorphism for any variable, indicating sexually dimorphic species tend to be closely related. While sexual dimorphism of jumping performance did not vary among microhabitats, we found female jumping velocity and energy differed across microhabitats. Overall, our findings indicate that differences in sex-specific reproductive roles, size, jumping-related morphology, and performance are all important determinants in how selection has led to the incredible ecophenotypic diversity in anurans.

This dataset consists of sex identifications, individual linear measurements, body mass, estimates of leg muscle volume of many species obtained from museum specimens, and museum id and tag information. Muscle volumes were estimated using the geometric equations described in Juarez and Adams 2021 Evolutionary Ecology. The dataset was processed by calculating species means from adult male and female individuals. Please see the original manuscript for details on several ways in which the data were filtered.

Raw values in museums_morph_FINAL.csv do not represent final values analyzed in the manuscript. Values in museums_volume_FINAL.csv contain individual data from which species means were obtained but please read README_museums_volume_FINAL.csv.txt for more details before using. Some missing values are included, which are accounted for in the analyses as described in the manuscript. The data files may be opened using R or any other software that reads .csv files. The code was written in R.