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Data from: Interfacial tension hysteresis of eutectic gallium-indium

Hillaire, Keith, North Carolina State University
Nithyanandam, Praneshnandan, North Carolina State University
Song, Minyung, North Carolina State University
Rashid Nadimi, Sahar, Bakersfield College
Kiani, Abolfazl, California State University, Bakersfield
Dickey, Michael, North Carolina State University
Daniels, Karen, North Carolina State University, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-3594
kdhillai@ncsu.edu, pnithya@ncsu.edu, msong3@ncsu.edu, saharnadimi@yahoo.com, kiani.abolfazl@gmail.com, mddickey@ncsu.edu, kdaniel@ncsu.edu
Published Dec 07, 2023 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpsb

Cite this dataset

Hillaire, Keith et al. (2023). Data from: Interfacial tension hysteresis of eutectic gallium-indium [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpsb

Abstract

When in a pristine state, gallium and its alloys have the largest interfacial tensions of any liquid at room temperature. Nonetheless, applying as little as 0.8 V of electric potential across eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) placed within aqueous NaOH (or other electrolyte) solution will cause the metal to behave as if its interfacial tension is near zero. The mechanism behind this phenomenon has remained poorly understood because NaOH dissolves the oxide species, making it difficult to directly measure the concentration, thickness, or chemical composition of the film that forms at the interface. In addition, the oxide layers formed are atomically-thin. Here, we present a suite of techniques which allow us to simultaneously measure both electrical and interfacial properties as a function of applied electric potential, allowing for new insights into the mechanisms which cause the dramatic liquid metal, oxidation, and interfacial tension decrease in interfacial tension.  A key discovery from this work is that the interfacial tension displays hysteresis while lowering the applied potential. We combine these observations with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to evaluate how these changes in interfacial tension arise from chemical, electrical, and mechanical changes on the interface, and close with ideas for how to build a free energy model to predict these changes from first principles.

README: Data from: Interfacial Tension Hysteresis of Eutectic Gallium-Indium

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpsb

These files are sufficient to recreate the plots in the paper, including the raw data from which they are derived.

figures.tgz

This archives contains the following files:

  • ImageAnalysisData: The analysis results of the 6 videos 220414_ag_1M_010mVps_VTP (*).avi, split into 5 types of text files consisting of a single column of data each. Files named by videoNumber_Date_experimentLetterCode_MolarityOfNaOH_VoltageSweepRate_TypeOfExperiment (video number for experiment)_avi_data type.txt for the nine types of data:

    • File 1: Area_1 (surface area)
    • File 2: Area_2 (surface area)
    • File 3: EdgeL (Left Edge Location in px)
    • File 4: EdgeR (Right Edge Location in px)
    • File 5: Height (height of droplet in px)
    • File 6: midZ (Center height location of droplet in px)
    • File 7: topZ (Top of droplet location in px)
    • File 8: xy-radius (Radius of curvature of the side of the droplet in px)
    • File 9: z-radius (Radius of curvature of the top of the droplet in px)

  • Fig2+Fig3/Fig_2_and_3_IFT_J_vs_V_Data.xlsx

    • Column 1: applied voltage to the EGaIn droplet
    • Column 2: Measured current density through the EGaIn droplet
    • Column 3: Calculated surface tension of the EGaIn droplet

  • Fig4/Fig_4_EIS_Avg_Data.xlsx: These datasets are split into four groups, Re(Impedance), STD of Re(Impedance), Im(Impedance), STD of Im(Impedance). Columns are separated by DC Bias Voltage where:

    • Column 1: 0.00 V bias
    • Column 2: 0.05 V bias
    • Column 3: 0.10 V bias
    • Column 4: 0.15 V bias
    • Column 5: 0.20 V bias
    • Column 6: 0.25 V bias
    • Column 7: 0.30 V bias
    • Column 8: 0.40 V bias
    • Column 9: 0.50 V bias

  • Fig5/Fig_5_IFT_J_vs_V_Data.xlsx: Data is grouped by maximum Voltage applied to the droplet, with three columns per group:

    • Column 1: applied voltage to the EGaIn droplet
    • Column 2: Measured current density through the EGaIn droplet
    • Column 3: Calculated surface tension of the EGaIn droplet

  • Fig8: Circuit_parameters.xlsx: The file contains the resistance and capacitance parameters used to model the Impedance data. Data is grouped by H2L (for high to low frequncy sweep) and L2H (for low to high frequency sweep)

    • Resistances
      • Column 1: E/ V vs. OCP
      • Column 2: Rsol /Ohm (solution resistance)
      • Column 3: Rsol Dev ( Std dev for Rsol)
      • Column 4: Rox/Ohm (Oxide resistance)
      • Column 5: Rox Dev (Std dev Rox)
      • Column 6: Rc1/Ohm (charge transfer resistance Rct1 element)
      • Column 7: Rc1 Dev (Std dev Rct1)
      • Column 8: Rct2/Ohm (charge transfer resistance Rct2 element)
      • Column 9: Rct2 Dev (Std dev Rct2)
    • Capacitance
      • Column 1: E/ V vs. OCP
      • Column 2: C Oxide μF/cm2 (capacitance of oxide)
      • Column 3: C Oxide Dev (td dev for C oxide)
      • Column 4: C Pseudo μF/cm2 (Pseudocapacitance)
      • Column 5: C Pseudo Dev (Std dev for C Pseudo)

  • FigS3/H2L_CF and FigS3/L2H_CF: Files are named as H2L_CF follwed by the DC Bias Voltage (for High to low frequency sweep) and L2H_CF followed by the DC Bias Voltage (for low to high frequency sweep). All .xlxs files contain the following columns:

    • Column 1: freq (frequency)
    • Column 2: Zrdata (impedance)
    • Column 3: Zjdata (impedance)
    • Column 4: Zrmodel (Circuit model impedance)
    • Column 5: Zjmodel (Circuit model impedance)
    • Column 6: SigmaZrconf (std dev Zrmodel)
    • Column 7: SigmaZjconf (std dev Zjmodel)

  • Figs4/H2L_KK and Figs4/L2H_KK: Files are named as H2L_KK follwed by the DC Bias Voltage (for High to low frequency sweep) and L2H_KK followed by the DC Bias Voltage (for low to high frequency sweep). All .xlxs files contain the following columns:

    • Column 1: freq (frequency)
    • Column 2: Zrdata (impedance)
    • Column 3: Zjdata (impedance)
    • Column 4: Zrmodel (KK model)
    • Column 5: Zjmodel (KK model)
    • Column 6: Real conf. interv. (std dev Zrmodel)
    • Column 7: Imag conf. interv. (std dev Zjmodel)

full-video.tgz

There are six videos in this archive, numbered 1 through 6, which together contain the full dynamics of a droplet becoming oxidized up to the maximum voltage, and then returning to open circuit potential. This covers all 6 voltage sweeps presented in Figure 5, from which the data above was derived.

Methods

Data was collected using 3 techiniques: imaging of sessile drops (image processing, edge-detection), cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Funding

National Science Foundation, Award: DMR-1608097, Materials Research

National Science Foundation, Award: CBET-1510772, Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems