Several eusocial wasps are prominent invaders to remote islands. The paper wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis is native to East Asia, was introduced to New Zealand in 1979, and has expanded its distribution there. This provides an excellent opportunity to examine the impacts of an initial bottleneck and subsequent expansion on genetic structure. We analysed and compared the genetic population structures of the native (Japan and South Korea) and invasive New Zealand populations. Although 94% of individuals had shared haplotypes detected across both populations, the remaining 6% had private haplotypes identified in only one of the three countries. The genetic variation at microsatellite loci was lower in New Zealand than in native countries, and the genetic structure in New Zealand was clearly distinct from that in its native range. Higher frequencies of diploid male and triploid female producing colonies were detected in New Zealand than in the native countries, showing the reduction of genetic variation via a genetic bottleneck. At least two independent introductions were suggested, and the putative source regions for New Zealand were assigned as Kanto (central island) and Kyushu (south island) in Japan. Serial founder events following the initial introduction were also indicated. The estimated dispersal distance between mother and daughter in New Zealand was twice that in Japan. Thus, the introduction history of P. chinensis antennalis in New Zealand is likely the result of at least two independent introductions, passing through a bottleneck during introduction, followed by population expansion from the point of introduction.
PCC_genotype_Sheet
Table entitled “PCC_genotype_Sheet.xls presents the Genotypic data of the 1033 individuals sampled in the course of the study. Individual code= unique number for each individual. Stage= sex and stage of the sampled individual. Population= population where the individual was collected. Colony number at each population=unique number of each colony at each population. Region= region where the individual was collected. Country= country where the individual was collected.
Pc01= individual genotype for locus Pc01 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc02= individual genotype for locus Pc02 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc14= individual genotype for locus Pc014 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc41= individual genotype for locus Pc41 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc62= individual genotype for locus Pc62 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc68= individual genotype for locus Pc68 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc85= individual genotype for locus Pc85 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc27= individual genotype for locus Pc27 (3 digit allele/3 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc83= individual genotype for locus Pc83 (3 or 2 digit allele/3 or 2 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
Pc65= individual genotype for locus Pc65 (3 or 2 digit allele/3 or 2 digit allele, blank represents missing genotypes).
COI haplotype= individual haplotype for COI sequence (ND represents missing haplotypes).
PCC_Genotype.xls
Population_GPS_Density
Table entitled “Population_GPS_Density.xls in the first sheet titled “GPS” presents the latitude and longitude data of 55 populations in two countries in the course of the study. Population= unique name for each population within each region within each country. Region= unique name for each region within each country. County= unique name for each country. latitude1= sexagesimal scale of latitude for each population. longitude1= sexagesimal scale of longitude for each population. latitude2= ordinal scale latitude for each population. longitude2= ordinal scale of longitude for each population. In the second sheet titled “Density” presents the colony density per location within each population in the course of the study. Location= unique name for each location within each population within each country. Population= unique name for each population for each country. Country= unique name for each country. No. of colonies= number of colonies per each location. Area (Km2)= area in Km2 in each location. Density= no. of colonies per area in each location.
sequence_COI_Pcc
Sequence data for all haplotypes of COI
